Ancient Greece

1. A tight military battle formation where foot soldiers locked their shields and moved together with overlapping spears.
2. The central Greek word for an independent city-state, which served as the basic political unit.
5. War: A series of conflicts in the 5th century BCE where united Greek city-states successfully defended their homeland against the Persian Empire.
8. A rich sea-trading civilization based on the island of Crete that flourished during the Bronze Age until about 1450 BCE.
9. A form of government where power rests in the hands of a small, privileged noble or upper-class elite.
10. the Great: A brilliant military commander who built a massive empire stretching from Greece to Egypt and the borders of India.
12. Civilization: The historical period following Alexander's death (323 BCE) where Greek language, art, and science blended with Middle Eastern and Asian cultures.
13. An Indo-European group that migrated into Greece around 1100 BCE, leading to the decline of Mycenaean culture and an era of simpler lifestyles.

1. War: A devastating civil war fought between Athens and Sparta from 431 to 404 BCE, which left Athens defeated and weakened the Greek states.
3. A blind Greek poet who composed the Iliad and the Odyssey, shaping Greek cultural values during the early Iron Age.
4. A student of Plato and tutor to Alexander the Great, who wrote extensively on science, logic, and government.
6. A student of Socrates who founded the Academy in Athens and wrote major works on ethics and politics.
7. of Macedonia: King of Macedon and father of Alexander the Great, who conquered and united most of the Greek city-states.
8. The first Greek-speaking mainland civilization known for its warrior kings, fortified palaces, and involvement in the legendary Trojan War.
11. A foundational Athenian philosopher who taught through questioning assumptions and critical thinking.
13. A system of popular rule pioneered in Athens, allowing eligible citizens to vote on laws.