Animal Genetics Exam

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Across
  1. 3. A thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.
  2. 7. The genetic makeup of an organism at a particular locus or across multiple loci.
  3. 10. The process in which ribosomes read mRNA and assemble a corresponding protein.
  4. 11. Genetics                                The branch of genetics that studies the structure and function of genes at the molecular level.
  5. 12. The specific physical location of a gene or genetic marker on a chromosome.
  6. 13. Marker                                A DNA sequence with a known location used to identify individuals or traits in genetic studies.
  7. 18. A group of individuals of the same species that interbreed and share a common gene pool.
  8. 19. Genetics                                The study of how genetic traits are passed from one generation to the next.
  9. 20. An individual or population with genetic contributions from multiple ancestral populations.
  10. 24. All external factors (e.g., nutrition, climate, management) that influence an organism's phenotype.
  11. 25. mutation                                A mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein.
  12. 26. Apparatus                                A cellular organelle involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for secretion or use within the cell.
  13. 28. The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
  14. 29. A group of animals with a common ancestry and specific characteristics that distinguish them from other groups.
  15. 31. An animal bred through selective inbreeding to concentrate desirable genetic traits.
  16. 33. A variant form of a gene at a particular locus on a chromosome.
  17. 35. The observable characteristics of an organism, influenced by both genotype and environment.
  18. 37. An animal from a lineage where all ancestors belong to the same breed.
  19. 38. A cell or organism that has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
  20. 39. The correlation between an estimated breeding value (EBV) and the true breeding value of an individual.
  21. 40. The gel-like substance inside a cell that contains organelles and is the site of many cellular processes.
  22. 41. A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid.
  23. 42. Cellular structures that synthesize proteins by translating mRNA.
  24. 43. A cell or organism with only one set of chromosomes, such as gametes.
  25. 45. mutation                                A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon, leading to a truncated protein.
  26. 46. The transmission of genetic traits from parents to offspring.
Down
  1. 1. The exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, increasing genetic diversity.
  2. 2. Having two identical alleles at a specific gene locus.
  3. 4. Having two different alleles at a specific gene locus.
  4. 5. Genetics                                The study of genetic variation and allele frequency changes within populations over time.
  5. 6. Breeding                                The controlled propagation of animals to improve desirable traits.
  6. 8. One of two identical halves of a duplicated chromosome.
  7. 9. The process of copying DNA into RNA, specifically messenger RNA (mRNA).
  8. 14. Sampling                                The random segregation and assortment of alleles during gamete formation, leading to variation in offspring.
  9. 15. mutation                                A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence of a protein.
  10. 16. A specific characteristic of an organism, influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  11. 17. A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
  12. 18. membrane                                The lipid bilayer surrounding a cell that regulates the movement of substances in and out.
  13. 21. The process of pairing male and female animals for reproduction.
  14. 22. Selection                                The process by which humans selectively breed animals with desired traits.
  15. 23. An animal resulting from the mating of two different breeds.
  16. 26. A segment of DNA that encodes for a specific protein or functional RNA.
  17. 27. Optimum                                A level of a trait that is most favorable for performance, rather than extreme values.
  18. 30. The study of heredity and the variation of inherited traits.
  19. 32. The phase of the cell cycle between divisions when the cell grows and DNA is replicated.
  20. 34. The membrane-bound organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material (DNA).
  21. 36. The process by which certain individuals with desirable traits are chosen for breeding.
  22. 40. A breed developed by crossing multiple established breeds to combine desirable traits.
  23. 44. The tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.