Across
- 3. Brief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual
- 6. More agreeable or less offensive substitute for generally unpleasant words or concepts, sometimes used to adhere to standards of social or political correctness, or to add humor or ironic understatement
- 8. An atmosphere created by a writer’s diction and the details selected.
- 9. the conclusion of an argument; what the arguer is trying to prove
- 12. Constructing a sentence so that both halves are about the same length and importance. Sentences can be unbalanced to serve a special effect as well.
- 15. a recurring image, word, phrase, action, idea, object, or situation used throughout a work (or in several works by one author), unifying the work by tying the current situation to previous ones, or new ideas to the theme.
- 16. calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea. If the character is asking a god or goddess for inspiration it is called an invocation.
- 18. a scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time.
- 19. Placing in immediately succeeding order of two or more coordinate elements, the latter of which is an explanation, qualification, or modification of the first (often set off by a colon).
- 20. the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text
- 25. “it does not follow”; using irrelevant proof to buttress a claim
- 27. is a form of understatement in which the positive form is emphasized through the negation of a negative form:
- 28. reference to someone or something that is known from history, literature, religion, politics, sports, science, or another branch of culture. An indirect reference to something (usually from literature, etc.).
- 29. a kind of repetition in which the last word or phrase of one sentence or line of poetry is repeated at the beginning of the next
- 32. basing a claim upon an isolated example or asserting that a claim is certain rather than probable.
- 36. a short piece of nonfiction prose in which the writer discusses some aspect of a subject.
- 37. attributing human characteristics to an animal or inanimate object (Personification)
- 38. a figure of speech that makes a comparison between two unlike things without the use of such specific words of comparison as like, as, than, or resembles.
- 39. the repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together.
- 40. device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated both at the beginning and at the end of the line, clause, or sentence.
- 41. a discrepancy between appearances and reality.
- 42. Repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order. Moliere: “One should eat to live, not live to eat.” In poetry, this is called chiasmus.
- 45. act of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text, usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.
- 46. the use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person , a thing, a place, or an experience.
- 50. SENTENCE a sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action
- 51. sentence marked by the use of connecting words between clauses or sentences, explicitly showing the logical or other relationships between them.
- 53. a figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration or overstatement, for effect. “If I told you once, I’ve told you a million times….”
- 57. the associations and emotional overtones that have become attached to a word or phrase, in addition to its strict dictionary definition.
- 58. REASONING writer reduces argument or issues to two polar opposites and ignores any alternatives
- 59. the listener, viewer, or reader of a text; most texts have multiple audiences
- 60. Inversion of the usual, normal, or logical order of the parts of a sentence. Purpose is rhythm or emphasis or euphony. It is a fancy word for inversion.
- 63. LANGUAGE words which are inaccurate if interpreted literally, but are used to describe. Similes and metaphors are common forms.
- 64. form of fiction or nonfiction that teaches a specific lesson or moral or provides a model of correct behavior or thinking.
- 66. an appeal through ethics. This appeal centers around our own credibility and good character (intelligence, virtue, goodwill). The qualities of character, intelligence, and goodwill in an arguer that contribute to an audience’s acceptance of the claim
- 67. ANALOGY when two cases are not sufficiently parallel to lead readers to accept a claim of connection between them. Assuming without sufficient proof that if objects or processes are similar in some ways, then they are similar in other ways as well
Down
- 1. a type of comedy in which ridiculous and often stereotyped characters are involved in silly, far-fetched situations.
- 2. a figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing, is referred to by something closely associated with it.
- 4. COLOR a term applied to fiction or poetry which tends to place special emphasis on a particular setting, including its customs, clothing, dialect and landscape.
- 5. SENTENCE one in which the main clause comes first, followed by further dependent grammatical units.
- 6. Device of repetition in which the same expression (single word or phrase) is repeated at the end of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences (it is the opposite of anaphora).
- 7. In poetry, a type of rhetorical balance in which the second part is syntactically balanced against the first, but with the parts reversed.
- 10. Comparison made between two things to show how they are alike
- 11. poetic and rhetorical device in which normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another, creating an effect of surprise and wit. Consider the following observation of
- 13. logical appeal. This aspect presents objective reasons that directly support the writer’s position and evidence or analysis to support the argument. The logical argument is divided into three parts. (CLAIM: Fact, Value, Policy;
- 14. a word or phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations.
- 17. writer uses same term in two different senses in an argument
- 21. reasoning by which a general statement is reached on the basis of particular examples
- 22. an emotionally violent verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language
- 23. a speaker or writer’s choice of words.
- 24. reasoning by which we establish that a conclusion must be true because the statements on which it is based are true; see also syllogism
- 26. repetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together.
- 30. the reversal of the normal word order in a sentence or phrase.
- 31. SENTENCE a sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning and then builds and adds on (aka LOOSE SENTENCE)
- 33. information to make an argument credible
- 34. an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward; a strong writer addresses counterargument through the process of concession and refutation
- 35. the use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot.
- 37. HOMINEM “against the man”; attacking the arguer rather than the argument or issue
- 39. Repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer’s point more coherent.
- 42. Commas used without conjunction to separate a series of words, thus emphasizing the parts equally: instead of X, Y, and Z... the writer uses X,Y,Z.... see polysyndeton.
- 43. an adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality.
- 44. story or poem in which characters, settings, and events stand for other people or events or for abstract ideas or qualities. EXAMPLE: Animal Farm; Dante’s Inferno; Lord of the Flies
- 47. deliberately suggesting two or more different, and sometimes conflicting, meanings in a work. An event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way-- this is done on purpose by the author, when it is not done on purpose, it is vagueness, and detracts from the work.
- 48. Balancing words, phrases, or ideas that are strongly contrasted, often by means of grammatical structure.
- 49. in general, a story that ends with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by the main character or characters.
- 52. brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life, or of a principle or accepted general truth. Also called maxim, epigram.
- 54. an acknowledgement of objection to a proposal
- 55. THE QUESTION argumentation in which the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim aka “Circular Reasoning” making a statement that assumes that the issue being argued has already been decided
- 56. an elaborate metaphor that compares two things that are startlingly different. Often an extended metaphor.
- 61. a quotation or aphorism at the beginning of a literary work suggestive of the theme.
- 62. a way of speaking that is characteristic of a certain social group or of the inhabitants of a certain geographical area.
- 65. is a word or phrase, often a figure of speech, that has become lifeless because of overuse. Avoid clichés like the plague. (That cliché is intended.)
