Across
- 2. An integrated group of cells with a common structure and function.
- 3. acting to defend against or prevent disease; prophylactic agents include things like vaccines or medicines
- 4. something that has negative consequences; alterations in the mechanisms of feedback often results in deleterious consequences
- 6. addition of a methyl group to a substrate; methylation of DNA silences transcription of a gene; signaling pathways can be regulated by methylation of proteins because adding a methyl group to the amino acids of proteins changes their structure and function
- 8. A chordate animal with a backbone: the mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and various classes of fishes.
- 10. proteins produced by B cells; each antibody is specific to a particular antigen
- 12. The study of function in cells, organs, or entire organisms; the processes of life.
- 13. An electrical state in an excitable cell whereby the inside of the cell is made less negative relative to the outside than at the resting membrane potential. A neuron membrane is depolarized if a stimulus decreases its voltage from the resting potential of –70 mV in the direction of zero voltage.
- 16. Any internal or external change or signal that influences the activity of an organism or of part of an organism.
- 18. A white blood cell. The lymphocytes that complete their development in the bone marrow are called B cells, and those that mature in the thymus are called T cells.
- 19. A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule.
- 22. the primary subdivision of a taxonomic kingdom, grouping together all classes of organisms that have the same body plan; the animal kingdom is divided into several phyla, such as chordate (vertebrates) and porifera (sponges)
- 23. A foreign macromolecule that does not belong to the host organism and that elicits an immune response.
- 24. A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients.
Down
- 1. The locus where one neuron communicates with another neuron in a neural pathway; a narrow gap between a synaptic terminal of an axon and a signal-receiving portion (dendrite or cell body) of another neuron or effector cell. Neurotransmitter molecules released by synaptic terminals diffuse across the synapse, relaying messages to the dendrite or effector.
- 2. The maintenance of internal temperature within a tolerable range.
- 4. a disease in which there is too much glucose in the blood because insulin is not released when sugar is eaten; insulin is a protein hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates the amount of sugar in the blood by stimulating cells, especially liver and muscle cells, to absorb and metabolize glucose. Insulin also stimulates the conversion of blood glucose into glycogen and fat, which are the body's chief sources of stored carbohydrates.
- 5. The progressive production of the phenotypic characteristics of a multicellular organism, beginning with the fertilization of an egg.
- 7. A type of lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that differentiates under the influence of the thymus.
- 9. the adaptation of form or behavior of an organism to changed conditions
- 11. One of usually numerous, short, highly branched processes of a neuron that conveys nerve impulses toward the cell body.
- 14. to make a signal stronger; positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in organisms
- 15. type of lymphocytic white blood cell that produces antibodies against specific antigens
- 17. part of the neuron that the dendrites branch off of; contains organelles including the nucleus
- 20. A typically long extension, or process, from a neuron that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body toward target cells.
- 21. blood cell type of blood cell that has a nucleus and cytoplasm and helps protect the body from infection and diseaseDeleterious (35) something that has negative consequences; alterations in the mechanisms of feedback often results in
- 25. potential A rapid change in the membrane potential of an excitable cell, caused by stimulus-triggered, selective opening and closing of voltage-sensitive gates in sodium and potassium ion channels.