Across
- 2. A type of programmed cell death, which is brought about by activation of enzymes that break down many chemical components in the cell
- 5. A series of steps linking a mechanical, chemical, or electricalstimulus to a specific cellular response
- 8. an enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylation the protein
- 9. An enzyme that converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal
Down
- 1. In multicellular organisms, one of many types of secreted chemicals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the organism, changing the target cells' functioning
- 3. A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signalling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.
- 4. A series of chemical reactions during cell signalling mediated by enzymes(kinases), in which each kinase in turn phosphorylates and activates another, ultimately leading to phosphorylation of many proteins
- 6. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, a ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signalling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons.
- 7. An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.
- 10. a molecule that binds specifically to another molecule, usually a larger one.