AP Biology Unit 6- Viruses, Mutations, Homeotic, and Biotechnology Exam Review

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Across
  1. 2. the dormant period where the virus DNA is incorporated into the host cell DNA
  2. 4. a pattern unique to individuals that is created during gel electrophoresis
  3. 6. a virus that can insert its DNA into the host cell DNA
  4. 9. the enzyme that accompanies retroviruses such as HIV and allows them to make DNA from RNA
  5. 14. this ultimately determines whether a mutation is positive, negative, or neutral
  6. 15. movement of DNA segments from one location in the genome to another
  7. 16. the reproductive cycle of a virus where it inserts its DNA into the host cell and then "convinces" the cell to transcribe and translate it into new viral proteins
  8. 18. occurs from XRays and UV rays; along with random error, are a cause of mutation
  9. 19. type of mutation where one base is switched for another; has the potential to cause a minimal or drastic change to the amino acid sequence
  10. 21. caused by a single base mutation; causes hemoglobin molecules to stick together creating a crescent shaped red blood cell
  11. 22. a 10 year, worldwide effort that determined the location of all of a humans genes
  12. 24. process that allows scientists to take a very small sample of DNA and amplify it to a large enough amount to study in detail; makes millions to billions of copies of a DNA sample
  13. 25. acronym used most often when referring to transgenic organisms in agriculture
Down
  1. 1. a virus that has RNA as its genetic material, and uses it to create a strand of DNA
  2. 3. direct cell to cell transfer of DNA between bacteria
  3. 5. transfer of viral DNA into bacteria
  4. 7. the process of sorting DNA fragments by size using electricity
  5. 8. type of mutation where a base is inserted or deleted; changes the entire amino acid sequence after the insertion or deletion
  6. 10. things outside the genome that effect the expression of genes
  7. 11. genes involved in development that code for transcription factors needed in cell differentiation
  8. 12. cause by a chromosomal mutation; results from a third #21 Chromosome
  9. 13. type of DNA transfer that occurs between organisms within the same generation
  10. 17. transfer of naked DNA into bacteria
  11. 20. an organism that contains genes from another species
  12. 23. any change in the normal DNA sequence