AP biology vocabulary

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Across
  1. 5. furrow - a plasma membrane invagination at the cell division site.
  2. 7. containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
  3. 8. factor - specific cyclin-Cdk complex which allows cells to pass G2 and go to the M phase
  4. 9. tumor - cancerous and can spread cancer cells throughout one's body through the blood or lymphatic system
  5. 10. kinases - protein enzyme controls cell cycle; active when connected to cyclin
  6. 14. AMP - an intracellular second messenger to a wide variety of hormones and neurotransmitters
  7. 16. Transduction - the process in which binding of an extracellular messenger to the cell surface receptor.
  8. 17. cells- - this cell has a receptor that can bind to the ligand
  9. 18. membrane receptors - these are proteins that are found on the surface of cells and span the plasma membrane
  10. 19. inhibition - crowded cells normally stop dividing; cell-surface protein binds to adjoining cells to inhibit growth
  11. 21. kinases - enzymes that regulate the biological activity of protein by phosphorylation of specific amino acids with ATP as the source of phosphate
  12. 22. fission - asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies.
  13. 24. receptors - receptor proteins found in inside of the cell typically in the cytoplasm or nucleus
Down
  1. 1. - a gene which in certain circumstances can transform a cell into a tumor cell.
  2. 2. - the death of cells which occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
  3. 3. - cells separate from the tumor and travel to other parts of the body
  4. 4. amplification - carried out when the typical signal output level of a sensor is considered to be too low.
  5. 6. - A molecule that binds to another (usually larger) molecule.
  6. 10. - the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells.
  7. 11. feedback - A case where outputs from a system are subsequently fed back into it, minimizing or reducing the effect of subsequent iterations.
  8. 12. messengers - small molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector protein.
  9. 13. dependence - cells must be attached to another cell or ECM (extracellular matrix) to divide
  10. 15. phosphorylation - adding a phosphate group to a molecule
  11. 20. signaling - the signaling molecules (hormones) are secreted by specialized endocrine cells
  12. 23. cyclase - it catalyze the reaction producing cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)