Across
- 3. A movement of the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition.
- 4. A book that was used to change the way of general thinking, that contained the rapidly expanding whole of human knowledge and teach people how to think critically and objectively about all matters.
- 7. The idea that the sun, not the Earth, was the center of the universe.
- 8. A book written by Beccaria, a nobleman who wrote about his passionate plea fro reform of the penal system that decried the use of torture, arbitrary imprisonment, and capital punishment, and advocacy for the prevention of crime over the reliance on punishment.
- 12. An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call “science” today.
- 15. A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
- 17. The greatest German Philosopher of his day.
- 18. Belief in a distant, noninterventionist deity; common among Enlightenment thinkers.
- 19. An idealized intellectual space that emerged in Europe during the Enlightenment, where the public came together to discuss important issues relating to society, economics, and politics.
- 21. A German philosopher and mathematician, who developed calculus independently of Isaac Newton.
- 22. The pen name of writer and philosopher Francois Marie Arouet.
- 23. A war for Maria Theresa’s land, sought out by greedy powers.
- 26. A female monarch of Austria.
- 28. Newton’s law that all objects are attracted to one another and that the force of attraction is proportional to the objects’ quantity of matter and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
- 31. An argument that forms of government were shaped by history and geography.
- 32. A Scholar who argued that social interaction produced feelings of mutual sympathy that led people to behave in ethical ways, despite inherent tendencies toward self-interest.
- 34. A revolution based on the understanding of the universe and scientific ideas/technology. This also refers to the significant milestones reached during the creation of modern science.
- 35. The son of a poor Swiss watchmaker, who was a philosopher and writer.
- 36. Aristotle believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe and that it is a sublunar planet with 4 imperfect elements.
- 37. The Jewish Enlightenment of the second half of the 18th century, led by the Prussian philosopher Moses Mendelssohn.
- 38. A popular style in Europe in the 18th century, known for its soft pastels, ornate interiors, sentimental portraits, and starry-eyed lovers protected by hovering cupids.
Down
- 1. A coup by Catherine, granting her the land/territory of Poland.
- 2. Term coined by historians to describe the rule of the 18th century monarchs who, without renouncing their own absolute authority, adopted Enlightenment ideals of rationalism, progress, and tolerance.
- 5. A regular social gathering held by talented and rich Parisians in their homes, where philosophers and their followers met to discuss literature, science, and philosophy.
- 6. A territory including parts of modern day Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine, and Belarus, in which most Jews were required to live.
- 9. A group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment.
- 10. The son of Maria Theresa who was very radical minded.
- 11. An international group of scholars and writers.
- 13. A secular, critical way of thinking in which nothing was to be accepted on faith, and everything was to be submitted to reason.
- 14. The general theory of inductive reasoning.
- 16. A Dutch Jewish philosopher who was a key figure in the transition from the Scientific Revolution to the Enlightenment.
- 20. A law formulated by Galileo that states that motion, not rest, is the natural state of an object, and that an object continues in motion forever unless stopped by some external force.
- 24. A central figure in Edinburgh, whose emphasis on civic morality and religious skepticism had a powerful impact at home and abroad.
- 25. The war to conquer Prussia and to divide its territory.
- 27. An ancient Greek Physician, who created the idea that the human body has 4 humors.
- 29. A rebellion of serfs asking for the abolishment of taxes, military service, and serfdom.
- 30. An experimentalist, as well as a Flemish Physician who studied anatomy.
- 33. An influential advocate for improved scientific methods based on experimentation and mathematical reasoning.