Across
- 3. A formal, hierarchical organization with many levels in which tasks, responsibilities, and authority are delegated among individuals.
- 7. an act Congress establishes continues, or changes a discretionary government program or an entitlement. It specifies programs goals and maximum expenditures for discretionary programs
- 8. a rule or order issued by the president to an executive branch of the government and having the force of law
- 11. shares of individual wages and corporate revenues collected by the government
- 12. a schedule for federal employees, ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience
- 14. the constitutional amendment adopted in 1913 that explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax
- 15. a company that is owned by the government and operates with the same independence of a private business, except that the owner is the government.
- 20. agencies under the Executive branch which lie outside the jurisdiction of the cabinet departments.
- 23. an excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues
- 26. the financial resources of the federal government
- 27. a program added to the Social Security system in 1965 that provides hospitalization insurance for the elderly and permits older Americans to purchase inexpensive coverage for doctor's fees and other expenses
- 29. refers to environmental policy that relies on regulation (permission, prohibition, standard setting and enforcement) as opposed to financial incentives, that is, economic instruments of cost internalisation.
- 31. a policy document allocating burdens and benefits
- 32. A phrase coined by Michael Lipsky, referring to those bureaucrats, who are in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion.
- 33. ways and means committee HOR committee that, along with the Senate Finance committee writes the tax codes, subject to approval by Congress
- 34. the permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians.
- 35. a position classification in the civil service of the United States federal government, somewhat analogous to general officer or flag officer ranks in the U.S.
- 36. is a government program guaranteeing access to some benefit by members of a specific group and based on established rights or by legislation
- 37. the process of hiring and promoting people by their ability to perform the job functions.
- 38. is an independent agency of the United States government that manages the civil service of the federal government.
- 39. when Congress cannot reach agreement and pass appropiation bills, these resolutions allow agencies to spend at the level of the previous year
Down
- 1. Finance Committee writes tax codes subject to the approval of Congress as a whole
- 2. prohibits the political activities of employees in federal, state, and local governments. The law's goal is to enforce political neutrality among civil servants .
- 4. an act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bills. Appropriations usually cover one year
- 5. more effective and efficient policy than command and control. market like strategies are used to manage public policy
- 6. law passed during the Great Depression that was intended to provide a minimal level of sustenance to order Americans and thus save them from poverty
- 7. discretion The exercise of professional expertise and judgment, as opposed to strict adherence to regulations or statutes, in making a decision.
- 9. expenditures that are determined not by a fixed amount of money appropriated by Congress but by how many eligible beneficiaries there are for some particular program or by previous obligations of the government
- 10. the process of removing or reducing state regulations typically in the economic sphere. It is the undoing or repeal of governmental regulation of the economy.
- 11. belief that the best predictor of this year’s budget is last year’s budget, plus a little bit more
- 13. detailed written instructions to achieve uniformity of the performance of a specific function.
- 16. a congressional process through which program authorizations are revised to achieve required savings
- 17. federal spending of revenues. major areas of such spending are social services and the military
- 18. The power of a government official or leader to make appointments and offer favors. Once in office, a politician can use patronage to build a loyal following.
- 19. An act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States.
- 21. Is the stage in the process where policies and policy measures approved during the formulation stage are further specified or adjusted as a result of recommendation made during the stage.
- 22. Impoundment Control Act of 1974 an act designed to reform the congressional budgetary process
- 24. defined by the 1974 Budget Act as “revenue losses attributable to provisions of the federal tax laws which allows a special exemption, exclusion or deduction
- 25. debt all the money borrowed by the federal government over the years and still outstanding
- 28. Entities composed of bureaucratic agencies, interest groups and congressional committees or subcommittees, which have dominated some areas of domestic policymaking Iron triangles are characterized by mutual dependency, in which each element provides key services, information, or policy for the others.
- 30. The act of regulating or the state of being regulated. 2. A principle, rule, or law designed to control or govern conduct.