Across
- 3. retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. Detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations
- 4. a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience
- 8. alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
- 10. retinal receptors that detect black, white, and grey; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision
- 11. compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences
- 13. in operant conditioning, an event that strengthens the behavior it follows
- 16. the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity
- 18. a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind
- 19. adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
- 20. psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object of person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
- 22. false beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
- 24. the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
- 25. a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function, how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
- 26. the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
- 27. the way an issue is posed; can significantly affect decisions and judgments
- 28. chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect others tissues
- 29. in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view
- 30. the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation
Down
- 1. the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that being the processing of visual information
- 2. all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
- 5. (1) in classical conditioning, the learned ability ot distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. (2) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members
- 6. the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. May vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied
- 7. a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapy and aversive conditioning
- 9. a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of the three key symptoms extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
- 10. in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
- 12. (1) the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set. (2) according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved
- 14. our awareness of ourselves and our environment
- 15. a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response
- 17. psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of a sensory input
- 21. the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, ther we appraise as threatening or challenging
- 23. a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms