Across
- 1. scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.
- 3. narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.
- 4. recall are similar to those present when the material was first committed to memory.
- 7. taking one's anger or frustration on a person or object that is not the cause of the offense.
- 10. tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.
- 12. largely conscious (Freud) mediates among the demands of id, superego, and reality. Ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
- 13. Area on frontal lobe that helps control language expression and directs the muscle movement involved in speech.
- 16. conducting cells that carry information from the central nervous system to muscles and organs throughout the body.
- 17. the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group.
- 20. type of learning with two stimuli, one comes to elicit behavior in anticipation of the second stimulus.
- 25. apparent motion of a single point of light or a small object when presented on a dark field and observed continuously.
- 27. psychologist, 8 stages of psychological development.
- 28. logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem.
- 29. American psychologist; he was a pioneer in the study of emotions in relation to facial expressions. key findings include some emotions are innate/universal.
- 31. organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.
- 32. children had been tested to predict how the average child would perform at each age level; allowed Binet to develop the concept of mental age.
- 34. controls involuntary movements. Messages carried between CNS and visceral muscles are designed either to increase or decrease their activities based on situation.
- 38. idea that a physiological needs creates an aroused state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
- 41. a depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes.
- 43. classical conditioning; learned response to a previously neutral stimulus.
- 44. piaget’s theory; refers to changing an existing schema to incorporate new information that cannot be assimilated
- 46. collective memories passed down from generation to generation and stored in the collective unconscious; ancient/archaic images derived from the collective unconscious.
- 47. refers to a period during the action potential.
- 49. a social group or culture's informal norms that distinguish how one should express themselves.
Down
- 2. minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time.
- 5. rewards that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves.
- 6. monocular cue to distance and depth based on the fact that more distant objects are likely to appear hazy and blurred.
- 8. the theory that dreams result from the brain's attempt to make sense of random neural signals that fire during sleep.
- 9. a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
- 11. drive for human behavior is the need to overcome the feelings of inferiority. Inferiority is a feeling that humans feel since they are born.
- 14. interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas.
- 15. learning happens through imitation, observation and modelling the behaviours of others.
- 18. IQ scores increase over time.
- 19. 5 major dimensions of personality.
- 21. piaget’s theory; children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.
- 22. people seek an optimal level of arousal that maximises their performance.
- 23. a neural impulse, electrical charge that travels down an axon.
- 24. expanding the # of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.
- 26. diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditional stimulus does not follow a conditioned stimulus; occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
- 30. piaget theory, stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.
- 33. second stage of the multi-store memory model. duration: 15-30 secs.
- 35. the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time.
- 36. band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.
- 37. process by which our senses adjust to different levels of stimulation
- 39. thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, appraises the source, discerns hidden biases, evaluates evidence, assesses conclusions.
- 40. a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. the greater the inward strain, the closer the object.
- 42. sodium gates open and let sodium into the axon, causing the axon to be more positive than the outside.
- 45. challenged the Behaviorist view that language, like any other behavior, was learned through exposure to language in the environment.
- 48. electroconvulsive therapy; the intentional inducement of a generalized seizure of the central nervous system for an adequate duration of time to treat patients with severe depression, bipolar, and schizophrenia.