Across
- 3. a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but more error-prone than algorithms
- 4. beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements
- 5. the tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments
- 6. our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning
- 7. estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common
- 8. in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
- 12. impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Brocas area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding)
- 13. a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions
- 14. early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram - "go car" - using mostly nouns and verbs
- 18. controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech
- 20. Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think
- 21. controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe
- 22. a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past
Down
- 1. judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information
- 2. clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
- 9. an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning
- 10. in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others; in a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds, and syntax is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences
- 11. beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language
- 15. in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit
- 16. the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments
- 17. a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
- 19. the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words