AP World: 1450-1750 (D104)

1. Spanish and Portuguese explorers who conquered much of the Americas, often rewarded with land under the encomienda system.
3. coerced labor system used by the Inca and later adapted by Spanish colonizers to secure laborers for silver mines.
10. semi-independent warrior groups in Russia; sometimes rebelled.
13. Spaniards born in the “peninsula” (European), top of colonial hierarchy in “New Spain”
14. African queen who resisted Portuguese expansion in Angola.
15. Conflicts involving escaped slave communities resisting colonial powers.
17. Syncretic Catholic symbol in New Spain blending Indigenous beliefs.
18. Hindu warriors who challenged Mughal control in India.
20. Contracted labor in exchange for passage to the Americas.
24. Indigenous man who reported visions of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
25. Policies adopted in Tokugawa Japan and China designed to limit contact with foreigners
26. Race-based social hierarchy instituted in “New Spain”
27. 1494 treaty decided by the pope that divided newly discovered lands outside Europe between Spain and Portugal.
28. Europeans born in the Americas; relegated lower-class roles despite their growing wealth, often grew resentful of the Peninsularies who held the highest positions in the government.
29. Spanish estate system in the Americas where landowners controlled large farms worked by Indigenous laborers or mixed labor systems.

2. Powerful Dutch trading corporation that is known for being the first true joint-stock company
4. The “worst” kind of slavery; hereditary slavery, slaves were considered as “property” rather than people.
5. Leader of major Cossack rebellion against Catherine the Great.
6. Bloodless overthrow of James II; strengthened Parliament.
7. Forced recruitment of boys under the Ottoman devshirme system.
8. French noble rebellion against royal authority under Louis XIV.
9. Portuguese sugar plantations in Brazil known for brutal working conditions and heavy use of enslaved African labor.
11. Central African kingdom deeply affected by Portuguese contact, Christian missionary influence, and increasing involvement in the Atlantic slave trade
12. Legendary leader of the Jamaican Maroons.
16. West African kingdom that amassed power and wealth by procuring slaves for the Atlantic Slave Trade.
19. People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry.
21. Spanish labor system granting colonists the right to collect tribute and forced labor from Indigenous peoples in exchange for “protection.”
22. People of mixed European and African ancestry.
23. Indigenous uprising in New Mexico against Spanish rule (1680).