Across
- 2. maritime domination-Portuguese vessels were equipped with heavy artillery and were able to overpower other ships and coastal communities with their cannons and forced ships to purchase safe conduct products.
- 6. India Company- English and Dutch merchant joint-stock companies.
- 7. of the Spanish monarch in Spain’ colonial empire.
- 8. Spanish colonial estates usually owned by wealthy families but worked by many peasants.
- 10. d’Alboquerque-commander of Portuguese forces in the indian ocean during the early 16th century
- 11. Chinese invention that spread throughout the Indian Ocean Basin and into the mediterranean sea allowing mariners to sail long distances with confidence in their ability to find their destination-page 316
- 14. slave labor-As large numbers of indigenous peoples began to die and indentured servitude was becoming less common and English settlers turned to enslaved Aficans to work their plantations.
- 15. Cortes-Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.
- 16. henry”The navigator”- Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation as well as financially and morally supporting navigators
- 18. Diaspora-The separation of Africans from their homeland through centuries of forced removal to serve as slaves in the Americas leading to mixed tradition and cultures around the world.
- 19. dominant religion in Mexico.
- 20. years war-Worldwide struggle between Britain, France, Prussia, Russia, Austria, and Spain that resulted from European efforts to establish markets around the world.
- 21. Exchange- the global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after voyages of exploration by Christopher COlumbus and other European mariners.
- 22. System-The system recruiting workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept.
- 23. mining-The backbone of the colonial Spanish American export economy with chief extractive centers in northern Mexico and Peru.
Down
- 1. passage-A water route from Atlantic to the Pacific through Northern Canada and along the Northern coast of Alaska sought by navigators since the 16th century in order to avoid the Spanish in Central America.
- 3. born in colonies that were officers of the army but not in the government.
- 4. Stock Company- form of commercial organization protecting investments
- 5. one of two Spanish port cities on the northern shore of Africa, along with Melilla.
- 9. of Tordesillas-Set the boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
- 12. first permanent English settlement in North America found in East Virginia and settled in 1607.
- 13. born in Iberia who held the highest offices and important military or political decisions.
- 17. system-Reflected Spanish understandings of themselves as superior to those of mixed, indigenous, or African heritage. Helping it maintain Spanish superiority by placing “pure” Spanish at the top.
- 18. of exploration-A period of European exploration and discovery that lasted from 1418-1620