Across
- 3. The maximal harvest of a particular renewable natural resource that can be accomplished while still keeping the resource available for the future.
- 4. A category of forest defined by its predominant tree species.
- 7. forest certification
- 9. Timber harvesting approach that leaves small numbers of mature trees in place to provide shelter for seedlings as they grow.
- 10. The practice of burning areas of forest or grassland under carefully controlled conditions to improve the health of ecosystems, return them to a more natural state, reduce fuel loads, and help prevent uncontrolled catastrophic fires.
- 12. Strategic decision making about how to extract resources, so that resources are used wisely and conserved for the future.
- 13. A dead tree that is still standing.
- 15. A location internationally designated by the United Nations for its cultural or natural value.
- 16. Theory initially applied to oceanic islands to explain how species come to be distributed among them.
- 17. A transaction in which a conservation organization pays off a portion of a developing nation’s international debt in exchange for a promise by the nation to set aside reserves, fund environmental education, and better manage protected areas.
- 20. The removal of dead trees following a natural disturbance.
- 22. The systematic testing of different management approaches to improve methods over time.
- 23. The layer of a forest consisting of small shrubs and trees above the forest floor and below the subcanopy, usually shaded by foliage above it.
- 24. The middle level of trees in a forest, beneath the canopy.
- 28. Abbreviation for “single large or several small.” The debate over whether it is better to make reserves large in size and few in number or many in number but small in size.
- 29. A proposed international program, still being developed, to encourage the conservation of forests globally for the purpose of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to control climate change.
- 30. Federal land that is designated off-limits to development of any kind but is open to public recreation, such as hiking, nature study, and other activities that have minimal impact on the land.
- 33. A graph showing how number of species varies with the geographic area of a landmass or water body.
- 34. Natural forest uncut by people.
- 36. A type of concession in which a conservation organization purchases the right to prevent resource extraction in an area of land, generally to preserve habitat in developing nations.
- 37. An impact on organisms, populations, or communities that results because conditions along the edge of a habitat fragment differ from conditions in the interior.
- 39. A 2001 Clinton administration executive order that put 31% of national forest land off-limits to road construction or maintenance.
- 41. An area of public land set aside to serve as a haven for wildlife and also sometimes to encourage hunting, fishing, wildlife observation, photography, environmental education, and other uses.
- 42. The attempt to manage the harvesting of resources in ways that minimize impact on the ecosystems and ecological processes that provide the resources.
- 43. Legislation passed by the U.S. Congress in 1976, mandating that plans for renewable resource management be drawn up for every national forest.
Down
- 1. The upper level of tree leaves and branches in a forest.
- 2. A region where urban or suburban development meets forested or undeveloped lands.
- 5. A local or regional organization that preserves lands valued by its members.
- 6. Any ecosystem characterized by a high density of trees.
- 8. The professional management of forests.
- 11. Term describing stands consisting of trees of different ages.
- 14. A tract of land with exceptional biodiversity that couples preservation with sustainable development to benefit local people.
- 18. An area of forested public land managed by the U.S. Forest Service.
- 19. The harnessing of timber by cutting all the trees in an area.
- 21. A passageway of protected land established to allow animals to travel between islands of protected habitat.
- 25. The right to extract a resource, granted by a government to a corporation.
- 26. Forest that has grown back after primary forest has been cut.
- 27. Timber harvesting approach that leaves small numbers of mature and vigorous seed-producing trees standing so that they can reseed a logged area.
- 31. A principle guiding management policy for national forests specifying that forests be managed for recreation, wildlife habitat, mineral extraction, water quality, and other uses, as well as for timber extraction.
- 32. The clearing and loss of forests.
- 35. Method of timber harvesting whereby single trees or groups of trees are selectively cut while others are left, creating an uneven-aged stand.
- 38. A scenic area set aside for recreation and enjoyment by the public and managed by the National Park Service.
- 40. A set of ecosystem-based management approaches for harvesting timber that explicitly mimic natural disturbances.