Across
- 4. Substance that destroys many different organisms
- 8. process of gathering data and making assumptions to estimate short-and long-term harmful effects on human health or the environment from exposure to hazards associated with the use of a particular product or technology
- 10. chemical that adversely affects the health of a living human or animal by causing injury, illness, or death
- 11. growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot; for example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped
- 13. chemical or form of radiation that causes inheritable changes (mutations) in the DNA molecules in genes
- 15. production of enough food for a farm family's survival and perhaps a surplus that can be sold; this type of agriculture uses higher inputs of labor, fertilizer, and water than traditional subsistence agriculture
- 16. any chemical designed to kill or inhibit the growth of an organism that people consider undesirable
- 17. diet so high in calories, saturated (animal) fats, salt, sugar, and processed foods and so low in vegetables and fruits that the consumer runs a high risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and other health hazards
- 19. a large area of cropland in the midwestern United States that had to be abandoned because of severe soil erosion caused by a combination of poor cultivation practices and prolonged drought
- 20. popular term for the introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, maize) that, with adequate inputs of fertilizer and water, can greatly increase crop yields
- 23. planting a plot of land with several varieties of the same crop
- 24. row of trees or hedges planted to partially block wind flow and reduce soil erosion on cultivated land
- 25. chemical that kills insects
- 27. planting crops on a long, steep slope that has been converted into a series of broad, nearly level terraces with short vertical drops from one to another that run along the contour of the land to retain water and reduce soil erosion
- 28. accumulation of salts in soil that can eventually make the soil unable to support plant growth
- 30. conversion of rangeland, rain-fed cropland, or irrigated cropland to desert-like land, with a drop in agricultural productivity of 10% or more; it usually is caused by a combination of overgrazing, soil erosion, prolonged drought, and climate change
- 35. probability that something undesirable will result from deliberate or accidental exposure to a hazard
- 36. growing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes, or in cages or fenced-in areas of coastal lagoons and estuaries
- 37. using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale
- 38. increase in the concentration of a chemical in specific organs or tissues at a level higher than would normally be expected
Down
- 1. increase in concentration of DDT, PCBs, and other slowly degradable, fat-soluble chemicals in organisms at successively higher trophic levels of a food chain or web
- 2. complex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants that mature at different times are planted together
- 3. using risk assessment and other information to determine options and make decisions about reducing or eliminating risks
- 5. chemicals, ionizing radiation, and viruses that cause or promote the development of cancer
- 6. faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for good health
- 7. saturation of soil with irrigation water or excessive precipitation so that the water table rises close to the surface
- 9. production of enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival and, in good yeas, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times
- 12. measure of how harmful a substance is
- 14. an immediate or rapid harmful reaction to an exposure ranging from dizziness to death; characterized by sudden and severe exposure and rapid absorption of the substance. Normally, a single large exposure is involved
- 18. chemicals that mimic hormones and interfere with natural hormones
- 21. chemical, ionizing agent, or virus that causes birth defect
- 22. simultaneously growing a variety of crops on the same plot
- 26. a poisonous substance produced during the metabolism and growth of certain microorganisms and some higher plant and animal species
- 29. planting regular crops and close-growing plants, such as hay or nitrogen-fixing legumes, in alternating rows or bands to help reduce depletion of soil nutrients
- 31. cultivation of a single crop, usually on a large area of land
- 32. any agent (person or animal or microorganism) that carries and transmits a disease
- 33. consuming insufficient food to meet one's minimum daily energy needs for a long enough time to cause harmful effects
- 34. alley cropping: planting trees and crops together