Across
- 4. A Spanish soldier and commander; in 1540, he led an expedition north from Mexico into Arizona; he was searching for the legendary Seven Cities of Gold, but only found Adobe pueblos.
- 5. Mississippian settlement near present-day. East St. Louis, home to as many as 25,000 Native Americans.
- 7. Pueblo Indian rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico
- 11. "Sad Night" when the Aztecs attacked Hernan Cortes and his forces in the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, killing hundreds; Cortes laid siege to the city the following year, precipitating the fall of the Aztec empire and inaugurating three centuries of Spanish rule.
- 13. Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
- 14. Reform-minded Spanish missionary who worked to abolish the encomienda system and documented the mistreatment of Indians in the Spanish colonies.
- 15. Spanish government's policy to "commend", or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.
- 17. Highly advanced South American civilization that occupied present-day Peru until it was conquered by Spanish forces under Francisco Pizarro in 1532. The Incas developed sophisticated agricultural techniques, such as terrace farming, in order to sustain large, complex societies in the unforgiving Andes Mountains.
- 18. Sixteenth-century Spaniards who fanned out across the Americas, from Colorado to Argentina, eventually conquering the Aztec and Incan Empires.
- 21. Native American empire that controlled present-day Mexico until 1521, when they were conquered by Spanish Hernán Cortés. The Aztecs maintained control over their vast empire through a system of trade and tribute, and came to be known for their advances in mathematics and writing, and their use of human sacrifices in religious ceremonies.
- 24. Fought between Spaniards under Don Juan de Onate and the Pueblo Indians in present-day New Mexico. Spaniards brutally crushed the Pueblo peoples and established the territory as New Mexico in 1609.
- 25. During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus, which led to his discovery of the West Indies in 1492.
Down
- 1. Genoese explorer who stumbled upon the West Indies in 1492 while in search of a new water route to Asia. He made three subsequent voyages across the Atlantic and briefly served as a colonial administrator of the island of Haiti
- 2. People of mixed Indian and European heritage, notably in Mexico.
- 3. The term commonly describes those societies in which political legitimacy and authority overlay a large degree of cultural commonality.
- 6. Agricultural system employed by North American Indians as early as 1000 A.D.; maize, beans, and squash were grown together to maximize yields.
- 8. Small vessel with high decks and three triangular sails; could sail more closely into the wind, allowing European sailors to explore the western shores of Africa.
- 9. Signed by Spain and Portugal, dividing the territories of the New World. Spain received the bulk of territory in the Americas, compensating Portugal with titles to lands in Africa and Asia.
- 10. Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
- 12. The transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies after 1492.
- 16. First part of the North American landmass to emerge above sea level
- 19. A large-scale agricultural enterprise growing commercial crops and usually employing coerced or slave labor.
- 20. Economic system characterized by private property, generally free trade, and open and accessible markets. European colonization of the Americas, and in particular, the discovery of vast bullion deposits, helped bring about Europe's transition to capitalism.
- 22. Indian slave woman who was an interpreter for Hernan Cortez on his conquest of the Aztecs. She later married one of Cortez's soldiers, who took her with him back to Spain.
- 23. False notion that Spanish conquerors did little but butcher the Indians and steal their gold in the name of Christ.