Across
- 3. (the Terrible) confirmed power of tsarist autocracy by attacking the authority of the boyars; continued policy of expansion; established contacts with western European commerce and culture
- 4. peasant-adventurers with agricultural and military skills, recruited to conquer and settle in newly seized lands in southern Russia and Siberia
- 6. (the Great) Prince of the Duchy of Moscow; responsible for freeing Russia from the Mongols; took the title of tsar (caesar)
- 7. English political settlement of 1688 and 1689 which affirmed that parliament had basic sovereignty over the king
- 10. intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; argued for scientific advance, the application of scientific methods to study human society; believed that rational laws could describe social behavior
- 12. 1598 grant of tolerance in France to French Protestants after length civil wars between Catholics and Protestants
- 15. Prussian king who introduced Enlightenment reforms; included freedom of religion and increased state control of the economy
- 18. persecution outburst reflecting uncertainties about religious truth and resentments against the poor, especially women
- 21. ended the Thirty Years War in 1648; granted right of individual rulers and cities to choose their own religion for their people; Netherlands gained independence
- 24. three separate divisions of Polish territory between Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as a n independent state
- 27. philosopher who established the importance of the skeptical review of all received wisdom; argued that human wisdom could develop laws that would explain the fundamental workings of nature
- 28. Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center
- 29. established new school of economic thought; argued that governments should avoid regulation of economies in favor of the free play of market forces
- 30. French king who personified absolute monarchy
Down
- 1. English scientist; author of Principia; drew the various astronomical and physical observations and wider theories together in a neat framework of natural laws; established principles of motion and defined forces of gravity
- 2. German-born Russian tsarina; combined receptivity to selective Enlightenment ideas with strong centralizing policies; converted the nobility to a service aristocracy by granting them new power over the peasantry
- 5. Second Romanov ruler; abolished assemblies of nobles; gained new powers over the Orthodox church
- 8. process culminating in Europe during the 17th century; period of empirical advances associated with the development of wider theoretical generalizations; became a central focus of Western culture
- 9. conservative Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov; many were exiled to southern Russia or Siberia
- 11. 1640-1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy
- 13. class of people without access to producing property; usually manufacturing workers, paid laborers in agriculture, or urban poor; product of the economic changes of the 16th and 17th centuries
- 14. (the Great) tsar from 1689 to 1725; continued growth of absolutism and conquest; sought to change selected aspects of the economy and culture through imitation of western European models
- 16. 1618-1648, fought between German Protestants and their allies and the Holy Roman emperor and Spain; caused great destruction
- 17. publicized Copernicus's findings; added own discoveries concerning the laws of gravity and planetary motion; condemned by the Catholic church for his work
- 19. English philosopher who argued that people could learn everything through their senses and reason; argued that the power of government came from the people, not from the divine right of kings; they had the right to overthrow tyrants
- 20. Enlightenment English feminist thinker; argued that political rights should be extended to women
- 22. unsuccessful peasant rising led by cossack Emelyan Pugachev during the 1770s; typical of peasant unrest during the 18th century and thereafter
- 23. concept of government developed during the rise of the nation-state in western Europe during the 17th century; monarchs held the absolute right to direct their state
- 25. early 17th century period of boyar efforts to regain power and foreign invasion following the death without an heir of Ivan IV; ended with the selection of Michael Romanov as tsar in 1613
- 26. concept of God during the Scientific Revolution; the role of divinity was limited to setting natural laws in motion