Across
- 1. Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations in 1776, a precursor to modern capitalism.
- 3. the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
- 4. hands off approach to economic development; the government should limit its interference in the economy
- 7. an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
- 11. created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields and population growth
- 14. Descendents of Spanish-born but born in Latin America; resented inferior social, political, economic status.
- 16. consolidation and privatization of small landholdings/common lands into a smaller number of large farms in England c. 1700; contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization as farmers were displaced and needed to find work in the cities
- 17. Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class in Latin America since they were the least likely to have "tainted bloodlines"
- 19. This machine played an important role in the mechanization of textile production; conceived c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, an English weaver.
Down
- 2. In 1868, a Japanese state-sponsored industrialization and Westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual or symbolic figure.
- 5. A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building; replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce; decreased the need for skilled labor and led to exploitation of workers
- 6. Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution; work was highly skilled and valued
- 8. A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in England c. 1750
- 9. A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.
- 10. The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil; utilized during the c. 1750 time period and led to increased crop yields and growing population
- 12. An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members; popularized after worker exploitation common after the Industrial Revolution
- 13. Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
- 15. A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable one in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. It was then applied to machinery.
- 18. British philosopher and writer Adam Smith's 1776 book that described his theory on free trade, otherwise known as laissez-faire economics.