Across
- 5. A cloud of gas/dust or a dense concentration of interstellar material, like along the ecliptic of the Milky Way Galaxy, that blocks light from objects behind it.
- 6. In the evolution of stars, this is a clump of gas that will become a new star and is just before fusion begins.
- 8. An expanding cloud of debris from a supernova explosion.
- 12. A cloud of gas and dust that reflects light off nearby stars.
- 13. These are also pulsars and are a ball of neutrons created by the collapse of the iron core in a massive star supernova.
- 14. A cloud of high temperature gas that absorbs UV light from an embedded or nearby star.
- 15. Emission and reflection nebulas are types of this nebula all of which are extended and contain no well defined boundaries.
- 19. A 2 star system in which 2 stars orbit each other.
- 20. Hotter objects emit photons with a higher average energy and a shorter average wavelength.
- 21. Radiation emitted by a heated object that depends only on temperature (also called Thermal Radiation).
- 24. The distance from a black hole within which the escape velocity is the speed of light and can be described as the surface surrounding the black hole.
- 27. 2 stars that orbit one another that can be detected with a telescope (your eye).
- 32. An ejection of unused stellar material or the outer layers (stellar atmosphere) of a star.
- 34. A device that measures the spectra of light.
- 39. The formation of 8 elements (H, He, C, O, Ne, Mg, Si, Fe) in a star by nuclear fusion.
- 42. Spectrum produced by a thin or low density cloud of gas that emits light only at specific wavelengths depending on the temperature and composition of the cloud.
- 45. Very small mass stars with very long lives that are cool, red, and have nuclear fusion with convection in their cores.
- 46. How bright a star appears in the night sky.
- 47. Infinitely small and dense point at the center of a black hole.
- 48. 2 stars that orbit each other that are recognized by the variation in luminosity because they orbit in the plane of our line of sight.
- 49. The true brightness of a star based on the brightness of a star at a distance of 10pc from Earth.
- 50. An object too small to become a star because electron degeneracy pressure halts fusion.
- 51. The particle of light that is a mass less bundle of electromagnetic energy.
- 52. The science of splitting light into its various wavelengths to study the properties of light that depend on wavelength.
Down
- 1. Betelgeuese is one of these and they are very luminous because they are large in size.
- 2. The process of an object being stretched by the strong gravitational forces near a black hole.
- 3. The process by which energy is generated in nuclear power plants.
- 4. Plot of luminosity versus temperature to highlight patterns and evolution in stars.
- 7. 2 stars that orbit each other that are detected only by the changing of the wavelength of light from them from observations of Doppler shifts.
- 9. The event that marks the sudden onset of helium fusion in the previously inert helium core of a low mass star.
- 10. A type of star that varies in luminosity that can be used to determine distances because it follows a period-luminosity relation.
- 11. This is the condition reached the moment fusion begins in the evolution of a star when nuclear fusion balances the force of gravity.
- 16. The technique astronomers use to determine the chemical composition of stars by using chemical fingerprints to determine the elements.
- 17. Spectrum produced by an incandescent solid, liquid, or gas under high pressure containing all wavelengths.
- 18. Another term for brightness described as the total amount of energy radiated by a star every second.
- 22. Neutron stars are composed of these.
- 23. Pressure that arises when electrons or neutrons are packed so tightly Quantum Mechanics comes into play.
- 25. A technique to determine distances to stars that are closer than 100 parsec from the slight shifting in the apparent position of a star caused by Earth’s motion around the Sun.
- 26. When a massive star begins to fuse iron and then explodes.
- 28. When mass from a Red Giant is pulled into a White Dwarf and the White Dwarf then explodes after its mass limit is reached.
- 29. The effect that shifts the wavelengths of spectral features in objects that are moving toward or way from an observer.
- 30. The process by which all main sequence stars generate huge amounts of energy, aka ‘Hydrogen burning.’
- 31. A star whose luminosity changes with time.
- 33. Gas and dust concentrations in space.
- 35. A star that changes luminosity because it gets bigger and smaller in size.
- 36. Classifies stars based on decreasing temperature.
- 37. White Dwarfs are composed of these and their pressure supports against gravity.
- 38. This is a neutron star you can listen to, like ‘The Crab,’ because we observe rapid pulses of radio waves as it rotates.
- 40. The stellar corpse for stars that are low to intermediate in mass (1.4 to 4 times the mass of the Sun).
- 41. The Doppler effect where the wavelength of the absorption bands/wavelengths increases because the light source is moving away from the observer.
- 43. This has an escape velocity equal to the speed of light so light cannot escape it.
- 44. The splitting of light into its various wavelengths.