Australians at War

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  1. 3. An Australian offensive of 1917 which was directed at taking German trenches. Tank support failed and British artillery accidentally hit Australian forces. 80% casualty rate was experienced.
  2. 6. Information used by governments to promote a particular cause. Australia used very effective posters to convince men as young as 16 to sign up for the war. They promised tales of adventure and heroism, when the reality was death and horror. This was used to convince men to sign up for war, and believe the opinion of the government.
  3. 8. A political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests. During World War I this ideal was used by most of the major countries of Europe to massively increase their armed forces, a classic example was the Dreadnought construction race between Britain and Germany.
  4. 11. An alliance between the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy that was formed before the outbreak of World War I.
  5. 13. The Opposition Leader, then Prime Minister, then High Commissioner to Great Britain. He famously stated when Opposition Leader that they would support Great Britain to 'our last man and our last shilling'.
  6. 14. These were placed in the Dardanelles Strait by the German and Turkish defenders. It forced a retreat from the planned naval campaign to a land invasion.
  7. 17. The intended goal of the Gallipoli Campaign was to eventually open up a front against this member of the Central Powers.
  8. 19. Prime Minister of the Australian Labor Party, then Nationalist Party, who championed the conscription campaigns of 1916 and 1917. He also represented Australia at the Paris Peace Conference.
  9. 22. were also placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers from problems such as trench foot.
  10. 24. This Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, of Irish background, was the most vocal opponent of the Australian Conscription Campaign. He claimed that Australians had 'done enough'.
  11. 27. The country where the AIF forces were trained before being sent off to the Gallipoli campaign in Turkey.
  12. 28. The term used to describe the state of trench warfare on the Western Front. Neither of the major forces could advance forward due to the trench systems of the other side.
  13. 30. dug into the forward side of the trench. This step was 2 or 3 ft high. It was on this that the sentries stood. It was also used by the whole unit when standing-to (an anticipated enemy attack).
  14. 31. A Slavic nation of the Balkan region, which had gained independence from the Ottoman (Turkish) Empire in the 19th Century. It provided an example of self-determination (self government) to other groups who were controlled by Imperial Governments. It wished to expand its control over Bosnia-Herzegovina
  15. 33. The tiny beach on which the majority of ANZAC forces landed. It was 2km away from their intended landing place of Gaba Tepe, and was very heavily fortified by Turkish soldiers.
  16. 34. The event that occurred in 1917 and ended Russia's involvement in the war. It dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the eventual rise of the Soviet Union.
  17. 35. The assassin of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, a Bosnian Serb and member of Young Bosnia, seeking to end Austria - Hungarian rule in the Balkans.
  18. 38. dug into the side of the trenches to give soldiers some protection from the weather and enemy fire.
  19. 39. A policy where countries take colonies around the world and impose their rule on them. They usually use their colonies to to exploit for natural resources. Britain had the largest Empire of all of the European nations and Germany wished to enhance her own power by taking more colonies. This led to competition among nations and was one of the factors that helped lead to World War I.
  20. 40. The capital of the Ottoman Empire in Turkey. The city is now known as Istanbul.
  21. 43. The church which had a dominantly Irish and working class membership in Australia during the conscription debates and hence which tended to oppose its introduction.
  22. 44. The date for the withdrawal from the Gallipoli Campaign: 18th _________ 1915
  23. 47. One of the purposes of the Gallipoli Campaign was to open one of these to Russia.
  24. 48. A fortified Turkish position where hundreds of Australian Light Horsemen were killed on 7th August as they rushed over the top of their trenches to try and take the Turkish trenches. The trenches were less than 50 metres apart. They were told to take this position to distract from the British landing at Suvla Bay.
  25. 49. A belief that people should be loyal to their nation, the people with whom they share land, culture, and history. This led to people believing that their country was superior to others and should hold a superior position in the world. The Black Hand were extreme supporters of this concept who wanted the Balkan states to be free from Turkish and Austro-Hungarian dominance.
  26. 50. The zone of major combat between the borders of Germany, Belgium, and France, characterized by two lines of trenches extending from the English Channel to Switzerland.
  27. 52. The treaty signed on June 28th, 1919. It was a harsh end to the war for Germany and imposed such conditions as: Germany accepting full guilt for starting the war, they had to limit their army and navy, lost their colonies, lost Alsace-Lorraine and the Rhineland was occupied by Allied troops.
  28. 53. Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for arming the assassins of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand which resulted in the start of World War I.
  29. 54. An alliance between France, Britain, Russia, Italy and eventually America (amongst others) that existed during World War I.
  30. 56. This is a term for a country which is not part of an alliance or which is 'unaligned'. Belgium was an example prior to WWI and Switzerland remains in this category to today.
  31. 57. The head of the British Navy who was in charge of organising the failed Gallipoli landing. He later went on to become the Prime Minister of Britain during World War II.
  32. 58. This church had a dominantly English membership base and represented the 'establishment'. It tended to favour conscription as a means of supporting the 'Mother Country'. Also known as the Church of England.
  33. 59. The narrow sea strait that was the gateway to the Ottoman capital, Constantinople and entry to the Black Sea. It was the goal of allied forces to take this strait during the failed Gallipoli landing.
Down
  1. 1. A person who is unwilling to participate in war and/or the military for reasons of personal belief about violence. This can stem from their religious beliefs, or simply the fact that they were a Pacifist. These men were often put in jail during World War I for their refusal to serve their country.
  2. 2. The real focus of the British offensive which would include the Australian 'feint' of The Nek and Lone Pine. The Nek and Lone Pine were diversions launched by Australia troops to allow the British landing at this bay.
  3. 4. used during World War I not only to defend trenches but also to funnel the enemy into kill zones. Largely used to help defend the trench system in World War I
  4. 5. The Emperor of Germany at the time of World War I. He abdicated the throne when Germany surrendered.
  5. 7. This famous battle of the Western Front in 1916 involved Australian troops attempting to hold their position in a captured town, whilst being constantly bombarded by German artillery.
  6. 9. An abbreviation for the Australian Imperial Force, which was created from volunteer recruits and professional Australian soldiers.
  7. 10. Used at the front and back of the trench they were used to absorb shell fragments and bullets
  8. 11. A significant cause of European tension prior to World War I. This territory experienced continued instability and conflict. The name refers to a large peninsula, featuring a cluster of nations and provinces, including Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Bosnia all who sought independence prior to the outbreak of war.
  9. 12. First Lord of the Admiralty (Head of the British Navy), British politician and mastermind of the Gallipoli Campaign.
  10. 15. Powerful groups of men who organised the working class into groups so they could no longer be exploited by the wealthy. They were opposed to the war and conscription because they believed that the working class would be the worst affected.
  11. 16. A series of battles in which many Australians fought alongside their allied counterparts from 1916 on. The most famous Australian involvement in this campaign consisted of the Battle of Fromelles and the Battle of Pozieres.
  12. 18. A poorly planned and badly executed Allied campaign to capture the Turkish peninsula during 1915 in World War I. Intended to open up a sea lane to the Russians through the Black Sea, the attempt failed with more than 50 percent casualties on both sides.
  13. 20. The name of the ship that was sunk by German U-boats. 128 American civilians were killed when this ship went down, thus greatly angering America and leading to their breakdown in relations with Germany.
  14. 21. Act of parliament from 1915 which restricted freedom of speech, freedom of association and freedom of the press in Australia.
  15. 23. An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria that existed during World War I.
  16. 25. Also known as the AIF, this was the name given to the initial recruits from Australia in WW1.
  17. 26. The operational plan for a designated attack on France by invading through Belgium. They planned the attack to occur within six weeks in order for Germany to prepare for an assault on Russia. The execution of the Schlieffen Plan led to Britain declaring war on Germany on August 4th, 1914
  18. 29. The date for the initial Anzac landing at Gallipoli: 25th ______, 1915
  19. 32. A neutral country that was invaded by Germany in 1914, this effectively brought Britain into the war, who had agreed to its neutrality in the Treaty of London. It would later join the 'Allied Powers'.
  20. 33. Australian and New Zealand Army Corps. A combined force of the AIF and the New Zealand Army Corps.
  21. 36. A derogatory term used for Germans during WW1
  22. 37. Party of government during much of WW1, it had, as part of its central platform, opposition to overseas conscription. Billy Hughes was their leader until 1916, when he left the party to form the Nationalist Party.
  23. 41. An alliance between the countries of Britain, France and Russia that was formed before World War I. Once the war began, the inclusion of other countries saw this revised to the 'Allied Powers'.
  24. 42. This famous battle of the Western Front in 1916 involved a feint by the Australia troops which was meant to divert German reserves.
  25. 45. The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Sarajevo on June 28th, 1914. This was the spark that set off World War I.
  26. 46. Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I. It allied itself with the Central Powers of German, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria, due to its fear of Russian power.
  27. 51. A vote of the people of Australia, conducted in response to a 'YES' 'NO' question. Required a majority of people and a majority of states for it to be successful. Needed for any change to be made to the constitution, but able to be used for other purposes too.
  28. 55. An operation in August of 1915 aimed at breaking the deadlock of the Gallipoli campaign. It sought to distract the Turks through an Australian attack whilst another force, comprising largely British and Indian troops, would attack at Suvla Bay to the north.