Across
- 4. second phase of prophase where homologous chromosomes begin to pair (synapsis)
- 7. formed through cell proliferation, specialization, interaction, and movement
- 8. third phase of prophase I where chromosomes within a tetrad condense and all 4 chromatids become visible, crossing over occurs
- 10. turns off cyclin-Cdk complex by adding a phosphate to Cdk, process is undone by Cdc25 phosphatase
- 14. brush border cells or enterocytes within the GI tract
- 15. checkpoint which cell uses to make sure sufficient growth has occurred before DNA replication can happen, makes sure damaged DNA is not replicated
- 18. segment of mitosis where sister chromatids synchronously separate to form 2 daughter chromosomes which are pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces, kinetochore microtubules get shorter and spindle poles move apart to contribute to chromosome separation, once a cell enters this phase mitosis must be completed
- 21. describes stem cells of fetal origin, differentiated from embryonic cells, or induced pluripotent cells, poised for clinical trials in repair of spinal injury, macular degeneration, diabetes, and cancer
- 23. checkpoint which cell uses to ensure sufficient growth has occurred before cell division and makes sure DNA is not damaged before cell enters mitosis
- 24. proteins such as P27 which makes cyclin-Cdk complex inactive by binding to both cyclin and Cdk , rearranges the binding site, and inserts ATP to complex binding site which further inhibits enzyme activity, important in the control of G1 and S phases
- 26. cytoplasm separation via contraction actin and myosin filaments around the middle of the newly replicated cells
- 27. ability of a single cell to divide and produce all cells in the body (can give rise to any cells in the body), present zygote through morula in development
- 30. innermost layer of cells/tissues in an embryo, gives rise to pancreas, liver, thyroid, lung, bladder, urethra
- 36. blocks DNA synthesis by halting cell in S phase and delays mitosis, if added in addition to caffeine mitosis occurs according to normal schedule with incompletely replicated DNA and the cells die
- 38. contains 3 distinct germ layers, present 14-16 days after fertilization
- 40. the ability of stem cells to differentiate into any specialized cell
- 42. cells within the GI tract with more than 15 different subtypes, secrete serotonin and cholecystokinin (CCK)
- 43. describes stem cells which are used for immune suppression and inflammatory conditions during bone marrow transplant
- 45. heteromeric 6 subunit protein needed for eukaryotic DNA replication, binds at DNA replication origin in ATP-dependent manner and serves as a scaffold for assembly of other key initiation factors, remains associated with replication origin throughout cell cycle, associates with Cdc6 during G1
- 47. process which occurs to nuclear laminins which results in the reassembly of the lamina that bind to the vesicles of the nuclear envelope membrane that fuse around the chromosomes
- 48. fourth stage in prophase I where homologous chromosomes separate except where crossing over has occurred (chiasmata)
- 49. middle layer of cells/tissues in an embryo, gives rise to bone marrow, all 3 types of muscle, heart, blood vessels, kidney tubules
- 50. hollow sphere of epithelial cells surrounding a cavity formed when a fertilized egg divides, contains outer cell mass and inner cell mass, present 5-6 days after fertilization
Down
- 1. segment of mitosis where nuclear envelope breaks down, allowing chromosome to attach to the mitotic spindle via kinetochores
- 2. an enormous, steadily growing mass with cryptlike structures
- 3. starts at end of G2 and continues until start of G1, includes mitosis and cytokinesis
- 5. proteins that contain these are imported to the newly formed nucleus after mitosis
- 6. type of microtubule which attach with their (+) ends to each sister chromatid to pull them to opposite poles before cytokinesis, over 40 of these microtubules bind to each sister chromatid
- 9. activate receptor on PM which activates PI 3 kinase which promotes protein synthesis; control regulation of cell growth/division, proliferation of cells, survival, migration, and physiological functions of cells
- 11. not terminally differentiated, can divide without limit (self-renewal), when divides the daughter cells have a choice: remain on the same path or commit to terminal differentiation
- 12. long-range signaling molecules that determine developing tissues in a concentration-dependent manner, includes hedgehogs
- 13. microtubule organizing center with their (-) ends nucleated here and their (+) ends grow outwards towards cell periphery, must be duplicated before cell divides, contains 2 centrioles angled 90 deg apart from each other
- 15. cells with secrete mucus within the GI tract
- 16. type of interaction with intercellular or intracellular transfer of information, through a signal pathway such as hormones most common form of interaction, in development 1 cell or group of cells can influence the developmental fate of another, signals are limited to time and space
- 17. fifth and final stage of prophase I where homologous chromosomes are fully separated, sister chromatids are still connected, nuclear envelope breaks down
- 19. when active triggers mitosis, induces assembly of mitotic spindle, ensure the replicated chromosomes attach to the spindle, cause chromosomes to attach to spindle, nuclear envelop breakdown, actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, recognition of Golgi and ER
- 20. first phase of prophase I where each chromosome becomes visible as 2 fine threads
- 22. triggered by activation of M-phase cyclin-Cdk complexes (MCdks), involves chromosomal condensation, breakdown of nuclear envelope, ER and Golgi fragmentation, cell loosening extracellular adhesions, cytoskeleton organizing movements to segregate chromosomes, and phosphorylation to a large number of proteins
- 25. type of microtubule which connects the centriole with (+) end to the cell cortex on the inner part of the cell membrane to help spindle orient itself and control the plane of division
- 26. multi-subunit protein complexes which bind/crosslink sister chromatids together
- 28. describes pluripotent stem cell and are derived form a non-pluripotent (somatic) cell, somatic cells are forced to express certain genes and transcription factors, have similar traits to embryonic stem cells but do not require use of embryos
- 29. can differentiate into cells from any 1 of the 3 germ layers, present in the blastocyst
- 31. gene regulatory protein which increases the transcription of genes and promotes E2F directly and indirectly, associates with protein Max to form heterodimer
- 32. cells which form part of the innate immune defense system in the GI tract
- 33. segment of mitosis where chromosomal alignment occurs in the midline of the cell, kinetochore microtubules attach sister chromatids to opposite poles of the spindle
- 34. part of cell cycle when DNA is replicated
- 35. enzymes which control cell division through phosphorylation of various substrates to signal the cell is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle
- 37. outermost layer of cells/tissues in an embryo, gives rise to skin, neurons, pituitary gland, eyes
- 39. process where some of the cells in the blastula tuck into the interior to form the gut and other internal tissues, form the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm, involves cell pole epithelium expanding, mesodermal cells migrating over fibronectin which helps pull the invaginated tissues forward, bottle cells helping force curvature of invaginating epithelium, marginal zone undergoing convergent extension
- 41. segment of mitosis where chromosome condense, centrosomes duplicate and migrate to opposite poles of the cell, mitotic spindle assembles
- 44. segment in mitosis where the 2 sets of daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle and decondense, a new nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
- 46. type of microtubules which interact with (+) ends directed together from opposite poles to support chromosome segregation
- 49. a small bioactive protein or peptide that induces a cell to begin cell division, or enhances the rate of division, when they bind to cell-surface receptors leads to activate of MAP kinase cascade and increased production of Myc