Across
- 2. a sequence of three nucleotides forming a unit of genetic code in a transfer RNA molecule, corresponding to a complementary codon in messenger RNA.
- 4. the process by which foreign DNA is introduced into a cell by a virus or viral vector.
- 5. a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins through the production of new proteins.
- 6. a unit of heredity which is transferred from a parent to offspring and is held to determine some characteristic of the offspring.
- 8. the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane(s).
- 12. polymer that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
- 13. used to refer to the alleles or variants an individual carries in a particular gene or genetic location.
- 14. a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
- 15. a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
- 17. molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA (mRNA) into protein.
- 19. an operon, or group of genes with a single promoter (transcribed as a single mRNA).
- 21. carries protein information from the DNA in a cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm, where the protein-making machinery reads the sequence and translates each three-base codon.
- 22. the temporary union of two bacteria or unicellular organisms for the exchange of genetic material.
- 23. a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan.
- 24. the study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics.
- 25. polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes.
Down
- 1. the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.
- 3. the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
- 6. the complete set of genes or genetic material present in a cell or organism.
- 7. a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein.
- 9. a nitrogenous base forms a bond with a 5-sided carbon sugar molecule, which forms a “backbone” for the entire molecule.
- 10. a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
- 11. a multi-unit enzyme that synthesizes RNA molecules from a template of DNA through a process called transcription.
- 16. the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
- 18. the rearrangement of genetic material, especially by crossing over in chromosomes or by the artificial joining of segments of DNA from different organisms.
- 20. hair-like structure associated with bacterial adhesion and related to bacterial colonization and infection.