BHS 319: Principles of Immunology Exam #1 Crossword

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Across
  1. 2. type of bacteria that retain purple dye during gram staining procedure. Has peptidoglycan
  2. 4. type of protein made in lab that binds to specific targets in body.
  3. 5. proteins made by immune system, fight infections + PAMPS
  4. 9. type of antibody that directly binds to specific target antigen w/i sample
  5. 12. blood test that measures proportion or RBCs in blood, expressed as percentage. calculated by dividing volume of RBC by total volume of blood.
  6. 13. large phagocytic WBC w/ simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm
  7. 18. lymphoid proteins that initiate VDJ recombination processes.
  8. 21. toxin or foreign substance which induces immune response in body, especially production of antibodies
  9. 25. a colorless cell that circulates in blood and body fluids and involved in counteracting foreign substances + disease; WBC.
  10. 26. destroy infected or cancerious cells and help regulate immune response
  11. 28. third stage of virus life cycle/viral insides escape
  12. 30. WBC containing granules and are enzymes. released during infections allergic reactions, and asthma.
  13. 31. produce antibodies to fight invaders
  14. 32. collection of antibodies that bind to different part of same antigen. Made my multiple B cell lineages, results in heterogenous mix of antibodies w/ varying affinities for target antigen. Made from single clone of B cells, homogenous population that binds to single specific epitope on antigen.
  15. 33. endotoxin + bioloigcally active component of gram negative bacterial cell wall that's a toll-like receptor (TLR4) agonist w/ potential immunostimulatory activity
  16. 35. specialized immune cells that live in various tissues in body. Contain chemicals like histamine, heparin, cytokines, and growth factors that help immune system respond to bacteria, parasites, and other immune reactions.
  17. 36. second stage of virus life cycle/cell eats virus w/ endocytosis
  18. 37. specific protein found on surface of certain immune cells, specifically helper T cells. Coordinate body's immune response against infections. Act as co-receptor, help T cells recognize + bind to antigens presented by other immune cells, lead to activation of other immune cells to fight pathogens
  19. 39. complex network of organs, cells, and proteins that protect body from infections and other harmful substance
  20. 42. blood test the measures number of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets in sample of blood. Measures hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.
  21. 47. an infective agent that typically consists of a nucleic acid molecule in a protein coat, is too small to be seen by ligth microscopy, able to multiply only w/i living cells of host
  22. 49. measure of average concentration fo hemoglobin w/i RBCs
  23. 52. sixth stage of virus life cycle/new viral particles created + released in extracellular fluid
  24. 53. cellular mechanism that introduces mutations into immunoglobulin genes of activated B cells
  25. 54. a undifferentiated cell in bone marrow that can develop into any type of blood cell
  26. 55. small colorless disk-shaped cell fragment w/o nucleus, found in large numbers in blood and involved in clotting
Down
  1. 1. measurement that indicates average size of platelets in blood
  2. 3. condition that develops when blood produces lower than normal amount of healthy RBCs
  3. 6. blood test that measures average size of RBCs. can help diagnose anemia.
  4. 7. a type of hematopoietic stem cell that's committed to turning into lymphocytes
  5. 8. innate immune system identifies potential threats to host + initiates appropriate response to contain + eliminate them. dendritic cells notice PAMPS w/ TLRs, CD4 bind to TLR. LBP migrate and maturation of dendritic cell, move to nymph nodes, tigger immune response
  6. 10. process where WBCs move from blood into surrounding tissues, typically at site of infection or inflammation.
  7. 11. leukocytes move from bloodstream into surrounding tissue. Leukocytes temporarily adhere to and roll along inner lining of blood vessels (endothelium). Rolling actionf acilitated by interaction fo adhesion molecules on leukocyte + endothelial cell surfaces
  8. 14. antibody that binds to primary antibody, in turn binds to target antigen
  9. 15. blood protein made in response to and counteracting specific antigen. combine chemically w/ foreign substances in blood
  10. 16. measure of average size of RBC in blood sample. can identify anemia
  11. 17. fourth stage of virus life cycle/viral RNA inside nucleus replicates w/ RNA polymerase
  12. 19. type of bacteria that don't retain violet dye in gram staining procedure. Have pink/red appearance under microscope. Contains lippolysaccharides (LPS)
  13. 20. molecules found on pathogens that're recognized by innate immune system of host. when host's immune cells detect PAMPs through pattern recognition receptors, triggers immune response, including inflammation and activation of other cells
  14. 22. type of protein that plays crucial role in innate immune system. Act as sentinels, recognize specific molecules from pathogens or damaged cells, triggers immune responses. Found on surface of cells + w/i intracellular compartments, allowing them to detect wide range of threats.
  15. 23. measure of variation in size of RBCs in blood sample
  16. 24. specialized WBC that capture, process, and display antigens to other immune cells initiating and directing adaptive immune responses
  17. 27. family of proteins that play important role w/ innate immune ssytem's ability to detect + respond to pathogens. Recognize specific molecular patterns on PAMPS, trigger downstream signaling pathways that lead to inflammation + pathogen clearance
  18. 29. family of cell adhesion molecules in immune system that mediate initial interaction between WBCs and other cells like endothelial cells + platelets
  19. 31. WBC that has granules w/ enzymes that're released during allergic reactions + asthma.
  20. 34. first stage of virus life cycle/virus attach to cell
  21. 38. substance forming cell walls of many bacteria, consisting of glycosaminoglycan chains interlinked w/ short peptides
  22. 40. a type of hematopoietic stem cell in bone marrow that's responsible for making RBCs, platelets, and some WBCs
  23. 41. class of cytokines w/ function that includes attracting WBCs to sites of infection
  24. 43. iron-containing protein found in RBCs that's responsible for carrying oxygen from lungs to body.
  25. 44. WBC that are most abundant and fight infections and inflammation.
  26. 45. type of WBC that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, stimulates action of other immune system cells
  27. 46. a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism that can cause disease
  28. 48. study of immunesystem
  29. 50. fifth stage of virus life cycle/new phage particles assemble
  30. 51. specific region on antigen that's recognized by immune system, particularly antibodies or T cell receptors