Across
- 3. bilinguals, a similar degree of proficiency and behavioral performance
- 4. system, each language represented in separate systems
- 9. system, identical items are represented in a single underlying neural substrate common to both, but different items have own-language representations
- 14. speech, systematic deviation of a particular native speech norm; Determined by phonetic differences and similarities between the native norm of the foreign-accented speaker and the native listener; Phonetically-based speech distortion
- 15. bilinguals, L1 and L2 are used in different contexts
- 16. context-specific selection of language norms; common in coordinated bilinguals
- 19. Simultaneous, bilinguals exposed to L2 since a young age
Down
- 1. Sequential, bilinguals exposed to L2 at an older age
- 2. system, larger language system contains two subsystems
- 5. bilinguals, unbalanced degree of proficiency and behavioral performance across language competences
- 6. period, Back-frontal cortical development in infants
- 7. switching, top-down controlled and can be modulated by language dominance. It is typically more effortful to switch back to the dominant language (L1)
- 8. bilinguals, L1 and L2 share contextual frames
- 9. of primary perceptual cues from the dominant language background; Very common in unbalanced early bilinguals and long-term immigrants
- 10. system, undifferentiated representations
- 11. Listeners adapt easily to accents
- 12. of secondary perceptual cues; common in unbalanced late bilinguals
- 13. local switching "my laptop no function"
- 17. control, Bilinguals seem to recruit cognitive control networks associated with the processing of effortful speech and executive functioning
- 18. switching, global switching across full language competences