Bilingual Speech Perception

1. each language represented in separate systems
3. Bilinguals seem to recruit cognitive control networks associated with the processing of effortful speech and executive functioning
4. of primary perceptual cues from the dominant language background; Very common in unbalanced early bilinguals and long-term immigrants
6. Listeners adapt easily to accents
7. top-down controlled and can be modulated by language dominance. It is typically more effortful to switch back to the dominant language (L1)
8. identical items are represented in a single underlying neural substrate common to both, but different items have own-language representations
9. a similar degree of proficiency and behavioral performance
11. L1 and L2 share contextual frames
13. unbalanced degree of proficiency and behavioral performance across language competences
14. larger language system contains two subsystems
17. systematic deviation of a particular native speech norm; Determined by phonetic differences and similarities between the native norm of the foreign-accented speaker and the native listener; Phonetically-based speech distortion
18. bidirectional influence between two or more language competences; a common characteristic of bilingual speech that is manifested in different ways
19. context-specific selection of language norms; common in coordinated bilinguals
20. bilinguals exposed to L2 at an older age
21. of secondary perceptual cues; common in unbalanced late bilinguals