bio 44

2. cycle - second stage of cellular respiration in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
3. reactions - set of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH
6. - organism that is able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food from inorganic compounds; also called a producer
10. (grana) - interconnected, arranged stacks of thylakoids
14. - electron carrier involved in glycolysis
16. reactions/Calvin cycle - the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugar
17. - (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) carrier molecule that transfers high-energy electrons from chlorophyll to other molecules
18. - innermost compartment of the mitochondrion
20. respiration - process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen
22. - measure of heat energy in food; equivalent to 1000 calories
24. (mitochondria) - cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use
25. - organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

1. - organism that obtains food by consuming other living things; also called a consumer
4. - process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates such as sugars and starches
5. - saclike photosynthetic membranes found in chloroplasts
7. - light-absorbing molecules used by plants to gather the sun’s energy
8. - principal pigment of plants and other photosynthetic organisms
9. triphosphate (ATP) - compound used by cells to store and release energy
11. - first set of reactions in cellular respiration during which a molecule of glucose is broken into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
12. diphosphate (ADP) - an important organic compound in metabolism and is essential to the flow of energy in living cells; formed when ATP ‘loses’ a phosphate group
13. - fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids
15. - process that does not require oxygen
19. - process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen
21. - process that requires oxygen
23. transport chain - series of electron carrier proteins that shuttle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions