Bio Test 3 Crossword 2

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Across
  1. 3. cause influx of Na+ that depolarizes membrane, increases likelihood of firing action potential
  2. 5. spike in membrane potential in response to a stimulus; voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels open
  3. 12. location of most prominent mechanically-gated channel
  4. 14. site of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria; ETC embedded; lots of cristae to increase surface area
  5. 15. small, hydrophobic molecule that picks up loose electrons to ferry them between respiratory complexes
  6. 16. makes membrane less negative until a threshold is reached
  7. 21. voltage-gated; continuously propagate the electric potential along the axon, so it doesn't weaken
  8. 23. series of electron carriers embedded in the membrane
  9. 24. large polymeric molecules are broken into monomers by enzymes; small molecules are recycled; occurs in intestine or in lysososmes; organic molecules then enter cells
  10. 26. inhibitory synaptic signaling, Cl- channel
  11. 30. energy from oxidation of fat dissipated as heat rahter than converted to ATP
  12. 32. released into synaptic cleft by neuron to bind with the postsynaptic cell; bind to ion channels and help keep them open, convert electrical - chemical - back to electrical
  13. 35. catalyzes rearrangement of bonds within a single molecule; prepare molecules for chemical alterations
  14. 36. resting membrane potential
  15. 37. catalyzes addition of phosphate group to molecules; transfer phosphate from ATP to substrate or make ATP from ADP
  16. 39. enzymes degrade complex molecules into simpler ones; digestion, glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation
  17. 40. produces 3 NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2, 2 molecules CO2; regenerates itself; mitochondrial matrix
  18. 41. voltage-gated; return membrane to resting potential after action potential
  19. 42. large internal space in mitochondrion
  20. 43. embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane, pump H+ across membrane using energy from electron transfer; include metals
  21. 45. tendency for redox pair to donate/accept electrons; low potential means low electron affinity
  22. 46. make membrane permeable to protons, prevents ATP synthesis by ATP synthase (no more H+ gradient)
  23. 47. proton pumping used to power ATP synthesis; proton gradient acts as "high-energy intermediate"; disruption of membrane inhibits ATP production
  24. 48. (binding-change model) ADP and phosphate catalyzed to ATP
  25. 49. voltage-gated; stimulate neurotransmitter release
Down
  1. 1. ATP, NADH; store the energy released in cell respiration in the form of "high energy" covalent bonds that can be hydrolyzed when needed
  2. 2. useful energy is derived from chemical energy in bonds of sugars as sugar is oxidized to CO2 and H2O
  3. 4. converts electric signal to chemical signal; opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels; very close together
  4. 6. final electron carrier in respiratory chain, highest redox potential; removes electrons from cytochrome c (from iron)
  5. 7. cause influx of Cl- that keeps membrane polarized, decreases likelihood of firing action potential
  6. 8. mitochondrial process that produces most of the ATP used in eukaryotes; consumption of O2, addition of a phosphate group to ADP; high energy carriers donate electrons to ETC, O2 final acceptor
  7. 9. anaerobic pathway that uses a molecule other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor to make ATP; needs electron-transport chain embedded in a membrane
  8. 10. glucose is split into two pyruvates; other sugars can be oxidized; occurs in cytosol; ATP and NADH generated; pyruvate transported to mitochondrion's inner matrix; net gain 2 ATP, 2 NADH per glucose
  9. 11. excitatory synaptic signaling at neuromuscular junction
  10. 13. space between inner and outer membranes of mitochondria; similar to cytosol
  11. 17. turbine-like enzyme that couples movement of protons across the membrane with ATP production; can also reverse and act as a pump if needed
  12. 18. catalyzes oxidation of molecule by removing hydrogen and hydride ion; helps generate NADH
  13. 19. (binding-change model) ADP and phosphate bound
  14. 20. cell is resetting from action potential, can't receive another stimulus
  15. 22. favorable enzyme-catalyzed reactions involved in breakdown of food are coupled to phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
  16. 25. relatively low electron affintiies, prominent early in electron-tranasport chains
  17. 27. (binding-change model) ADP and phosphate bind, ATP leaves
  18. 28. important metabolism intermediate; can be produced by sugars or fatty acids; generated in the mitochondria
  19. 29. anaerobic, pyruvate and NADH remain in cytosol; pyruvate is converted into lactate (muscles) or ethanol and CO2 (yeast); NADH gives up electrons and is converted bac to NAD+
  20. 31. substrate for the movement of protons, often induced by lone electrons moving around
  21. 33. occurs in mitochondrial matrix in presence of oxygen; produces NADH and acetyl CoA
  22. 34. change occurs in catalytic beta subunits, coupled to movement of H+ across membrane, which causes rotation of central stalk (gamma subunit)
  23. 38. catalyzes shifting of chemical group from one position to another within a molecule; helps with ADP to ATP
  24. 44. transport protein in outer membrane of mitochondrion; creates large aqueous channels open to smalll molecules