Biochemistry

2. – Short DNA fragment synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during replication.
4. – Organelle responsible for decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
5. – Transcription factor crucial for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development; linked to immune tolerance and Nobel-recognized discoveries.
6. – Mobile genetic element capable of changing its position within the genome.
11. – Short polymer of amino acids linked by amide bonds.
14. – Non-protein component required for some enzymes to achieve catalytic activity.
15. – Five-carbon building block for terpenoid and steroid biosynthesis.
16. – Vitamin B3 precursor of NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ coenzymes.
17. – One of the three ketone bodies produced during fatty acid oxidation.
18. – Cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP without oxygen.
19. – Purine base found in ATP and nucleic acids; contributes to the poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA.
21. – Basic essential amino acid often involved in histone acetylation.
23. – High-affinity α-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor; associated with immune regulation and Nobel-winning T-cell research.

1. – Small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally.
3. – Metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
7. – Four-carbon intermediate linking glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle.
8. – Vitamin B9 derivative essential for one-carbon transfer reactions in nucleotide biosynthesis.
9. – Adapter molecule that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
10. – Short repetitive DNA sequences used in forensic identification.
11. – Three-carbon product of glycolysis and key substrate for the Krebs cycle.
12. – Molecule required for transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation.
13. – Complete set of genetic material present in an organism.
15. – Non-coding segment of a eukaryotic gene removed during mRNA processing.
20. – Biological catalyst that lowers activation energy without being consumed.
22. – Reducing power molecule primarily generated by the pentose phosphate pathway.