Biochemistry

2. Non-protein component required for some enzymes to achieve catalytic activity.
4. Metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance.
6. Reducing power molecule primarily generated by the pentose phosphate pathway.
8. Cytoplasmic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, yielding ATP without oxygen.
9. Short DNA fragment synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during replication.
14. Four-carbon intermediate linking glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the citric acid cycle.
18. Five-carbon building block for terpenoid and steroid biosynthesis.
20. Neurotransmitter derived from L-DOPA, central to reward signaling and motor control.
21. High-affinity α-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor; associated with immune regulation and Nobel-winning T-cell research.
23. Transcription factor crucial for regulatory T-cell (Treg) development; linked to immune tolerance and Nobel-recognized discoveries.
25. Fungal sterol that serves as a precursor for vitamin D₂ synthesis.
26. Vitamin B3 precursor of NAD⁺ and NADP⁺ coenzymes.
27. Organelle responsible for decoding mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
30. Molecule required for transport of long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation.

1. Vitamin D₃ formed in the skin from 7-dehydrocholesterol upon UV exposure.
3. Short polymer of amino acids linked by amide bonds.
5. Biological catalyst that lowers activation energy without being consumed.
7. Three-carbon product of glycolysis and key substrate for the Krebs cycle.
10. Purine base found in ATP and nucleic acids; contributes to the poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA.
11. Non-coding segment of a eukaryotic gene removed during mRNA processing.
12. Vitamin B9 derivative essential for one-carbon transfer reactions in nucleotide biosynthesis.
13. One of the three ketone bodies produced during fatty acid oxidation.
15. Mobile genetic element capable of changing its position within the genome.
16. Organophosphate nerve agent that inhibits acetylcholinesterase, leading to toxic accumulation of acetylcholine.
17. Class of neurotransmitters derived from tyrosine, including dopamine and epinephrine.
19. Basic essential amino acid often involved in histone acetylation.
22. Complete set of genetic material present in an organism.
24. Small non-coding RNA molecule that regulates gene expression post-transcriptionally.
28. Adapter molecule that delivers amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
29. Short repetitive DNA sequences used in forensic identification.