Across
- 1. the shape of water molecules in ice crystals is _____ with bond angles of 109.5°
- 4. Water at 4°C is at its _________, which means that water near the bottom of bodies of water should be this temperature
- 7. a common strong base used in the lab
- 10. the equation “pH = pKa + log [A]/[HA]”
- 12. a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
- 14. the oxygen atom in water has two _______ that are partially negative and are sp3 hybridized
- 21. molecules that dissosiate readily in water to form ions, such as NaCl
- 22. an atom or group of atoms that can be charged negatively or positively
- 23. is equal to [H][A]/[HA]
- 25. is equal to [H+][OH-] = 1.0 * 10^-14 M^2
- 28. a class of interactions that include charge-charge interactions, hydrogen bonds, Van Der Waals forces, and hydrophobic interactions
- 31. the maxium amount of hydrogen bonds that a molecule of water can participate in
- 33. the strongest noncovalent force created by the attraction of opposite charges
- 34. a measure of how an aqueous solution will attract evenmore water, decreases (negative) with a higher solute concentration and is measure in MPa.
- 36. solution in which water is a solvent
- 39. exclusion of nonpolar molecules by water, important to protein folding
- 40. a common molecule that has polar covalent bonds, but does not have a dipole
- 41. a type of bond that exists in water molecules due to the difference in electronegativity between O and H
- 46. the tendency of an atom to pull electrons towards itself, stronger in oxygen than in hydrogen
- 50. a solution with a higher concentration of solute than a cell, so water flows from the cell to the environment
- 51. the angle of the bonds makes a water molecule ______
- 52. the upper limit of minerals in water, increases in higher temperatures
- 53. diffusion of water across a membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
- 54. a solution that can resist changes in pH when strong acids or strong bases are added, most effective when the pH = pKa (when [H+] is equal to [A])
Down
- 2. a long, unbranched molecule made of carbons and hydrogen, nonpolar
- 3. term for a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, even if the species is neutral
- 5. a phenomenon where the diffusion rate of molecules in cells is much slower than their rate of diffusion in pure water
- 6. thermal property of water that drops below 0°C when compounds are dissolved in it
- 8. thermal property of water that rises when compounds are dissolved in it or lowers at higher elevation
- 9. substances without charge, immiscible with water
- 11. association of nonpolar molecules due to exclusion by polar molecules
- 13. all noncovalent interactions, except hydrobic interactions
- 15. heat the amount of heat added in order to raise the temperature by 1°C, high value in water
- 16. occurs only when molecules are very close together, but then molecules repulse each other because the electrons of their orbitals are too close many of these forces have a stabilizing effect
- 17. a common strong acid used in the lab
- 18. when [H] = 10^-7, the pH is ____
- 19. an acid which has more than one hydrogen that can dissociate
- 20. the negative log of Ka, a measure of how strong an acid is
- 24. water resists changes in ______ as a change from 98°C to 99°C uses less energy than a change from 99°C to 100°C _______ depends on energy, pressure, elevation, dissolved compounds, etc.
- 26. high in water, thus water takes longer to evaporate than other liquids and also contributes to the cooling sensation of sweating
- 27. net flow of water in and out of a cell is 0 in a ______ solution
- 29. the number of pH units away from the pKa that a buffer is considered to be effective
- 30. a spherical structure formed by amphipathic molecules when submersed in water
- 32. water is a good _____ because water’s polar structure allows it to dissolve inorganic nutrients and makes them accessible to organisms
- 35. a molecule that exhibits both polar and nonpolar properties, such as SDS with its polar head and hydrocarbon tail
- 37. buffering of the pH of _______ is controlled by the equIlibria of gaseous to aqueous CO2, to carbonic acid, to bicarbonate
- 38. a force of attraction between hydrogen and a negitive species, exists in water, DNA between base pairs, and more
- 42. a charge-charge interaction hidden from water if it exists within the hydrophobic interior of a protein
- 43. a special type of solvation where the solvation shell is water
- 44. an atom of oxygen has ________ electrons, two of which bind covalently to hydrogen in a molecule of water
- 45. a solution with a lower concentration of solute than solute within a cell, thus water flows into the cell
- 47. the negative logarithm of the hydrogen (i.e. proton) concentration
- 48. when a solute is surrounded by a shell of solvent molecules
- 49. water is not a tetrahedron because the partially negative lone pairs of oxygen have strong _____ to each other, and reduce the angle between the H-O-H bond to 104.5