Across
- 5. an atom or group of atoms that can be charged negatively or positively
- 6. water is not a tetrahedron because the partially negative lone pairs of oxygen have strong _____ to each other, and reduce the angle between the H-O-H bond to 104.5
- 7. the angle of the bonds makes a water molecule ______
- 13. a common molecule that has polar covalent bonds, but does not have a dipole
- 14. a molecule that is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
- 18. the shape of water molecules in ice crystals is _____ with bond angles of 109.5°
- 21. water resists changes in ______ as a change from 98°C to 99°C uses less energy than a change from 99°C to 100°C _______ depends on energy, pressure, elevation, dissolved compounds, etc.
- 24. a spherical structure formed by amphipathic molecules when submersed in water
- 25. a force of attraction between hydrogen and a negitive species, exists in water, DNA between base pairs, and more
- 27. when a solute is surrounded by a shell of solvent molecules
- 28. high in water, thus water takes longer to evaporate than other liquids and also contributes to the cooling sensation of sweating
- 30. Water at 4°C is at its _________, which means that water near the bottom of bodies of water should be this temperature
- 31. a solution with a lower concentration of solute than solute within a cell, thus water flows into the cell
- 32. diffusion of water across a membrane from a higher concentration to a lower concentration
- 33. heat the amount of heat added in order to raise the temperature by 1°C, high value in water
- 34. substances without charge, immiscible with water
- 35. thermal property of water that rises when compounds are dissolved in it or lowers at higher elevation
- 36. molecules that dissosiate readily in water to form ions, such as NaCl
Down
- 1. solution in which water is a solvent
- 2. a solution with a higher concentration of solute than a cell, so water flows from the cell to the environment
- 3. the oxygen atom in water has two _______ that are partially negative and are sp3 hybridized
- 4. term for a molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, even if the species is neutral
- 8. an atom of oxygen has ________ electrons, two of which bind covalently to hydrogen in a molecule of water
- 9. a long, unbranched molecule made of carbons and hydrogen, nonpolar
- 10. the maxium amount of hydrogen bonds that a molecule of water can participate in
- 11. the upper limit of minerals in water, increases in higher temperatures
- 12. the tendency of an atom to pull electrons towards itself, stronger in oxygen than in hydrogen
- 15. a type of bond that exists in water molecules due to the difference in electronegativity between O and H
- 16. thermal property of water that drops below 0°C when compounds are dissolved in it
- 17. a molecule that exhibits both polar and nonpolar properties, such as SDS with its polar head and hydrocarbon tail
- 19. a phenomenon where the diffusion rate of molecules in cells is much slower than their rate of diffusion in pure water
- 20. exclusion of nonpolar molecules by water, important to protein folding
- 22. a special type of solvation where the solvation shell is water
- 23. water is a good _____ because water’s polar structure allows it to dissolve inorganic nutrients and makes them accessible to organisms
- 26. a measure of how an aqueous solution will attract evenmore water, decreases (negative) with a higher solute concentration and is measure in MPa.
- 29. net flow of water in and out of a cell is 0 in a ______ solution