Across
- 4. The complex of RNA coiled around the eight core histone subunits: two subunits each of the histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4; forms bead-like, repeated units in the chromosomes of eukaryotic cells.
- 5. The phase of gene expression in which an mRNA produced during transcription is used to synthesize a polypeptide.
- 9. String of ribosomes on a single mRNA molecule that allows the cell to make large quantities of protein rapidly.
- 10. A protein complex that recognizes and binds to signal peptides in newly synthesised polypeptides, facilitating the redirection of free ribosomes to the ER surface (6,11,8).
- 18. A diagrammatic representation of the chromosomal composition of an organism.
- 21. A complex of protein and rRNA where polypeptides are synthesized in cells. It facilitates the interaction of mRNA and tRNA; site of protein synthesis.
- 22. Single-stranded molecule made by the process of transcription; 3 types; all function in the interpretation of the information stored in DNA.
- 23. A segment of mRNA that is removed prior to translation.
- 24. The phase of transcription in which RNA polymerase releases the RNA transcript and detaches from the DNA template.
- 26. The DNA sequence at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription of a gene.
- 27. One of the four classes of biological molecules; composes DNA and RNA (7,4).
- 29. Type of covalent bond in polynucleotides that links nucleotides together.
- 31. A protein that recognizes stop codons and facilitate the detachment of the completed polypeptide from the ribosome at the end of translation (7,6).
Down
- 1. A polymer of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; proteins are composed of one or more polypeptide chains.
- 2. A small, circular piece of DNA outside the bacterial chromosome.
- 3. A protein that regulates the transcription of specific genes (13,6).
- 6. The specific region in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where genetic material is stored.
- 7. Protein complex that cuts introns out of the pre-mRNA molecule.
- 8. One of the three principal types of RNA; used as a template for protein synthesis.
- 11. Mechanism of evolution theorized by Darwin and Wallace based on fitness. Individuals with genes that allow them to achieve higher fitness are favoured and their genes become proportionally more common in the following generation than individuals with genes that result in lower fitness. Can lead to adaptation to new and changing environments through time (7,9).
- 12. An enzyme that uses a DNA template to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule during transcription (3,10).
- 13. One of the three components of a nucleotide that makes each unique: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil; grouped into two families: pyrimidines and purines. Key element of complementary base-pairing of nucleic acids (11,4).
- 14. A term used by Frederick Griffith to describe a then-unknown substance that transformed non-virulent R strain bacteria into virulent S strain bacteria; now understood to be DNA (12,9).
- 15. Any number of nucleotides connected together on series; can be DNA or RNA.
- 16. The phase of gene expression in which an mRNA containing genetic information is synthesized from a complementary DNA template.
- 17. A class of nucleotides that includes cytosine, thymine, and uracil.
- 19. An organic molecule containing a nitrogenous base, a phosphate and a 5-carbon sugar molecule; when repeated in series (as monomers), form polynucleotides, the basic structure of nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).
- 20. One of the pyrimidine bases; complement to adenine.
- 25. A specialized adapter molecule that brings a specific amino acid to the ribosome during protein synthesis; contains an anticodon complementary to a specific codon in the mRNA.
- 28. A class of nucleotides that includes adenine and guanine.
- 30. A systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.