Biology

6. The process by which ribosomes read mRNA codons to assemble a polypeptide chain from amino acids.
7. Repetitive DNA sequences at the ends of linear chromosomes that protect coding DNA and shorten with each cell division.
8. The biological process of copying DNA so a cell can divide; produces two identical DNA molecules from one.
9. A DNA sequence upstream of a gene where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription.
12. A three‑nucleotide sequence on tRNA that is complementary to an mRNA codon and ensures correct amino acid placement.
13. A chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds; one or more polypeptides fold to form a functional protein.
15. A coding sequence within a gene that remains in mRNA after splicing and is translated into protein.
16. The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function.

1. An agent (chemical, physical, or biological) that increases the frequency of mutations.
2. A virus that infects and replicates within bacteria.
3. A change in a cell’s genotype and phenotype caused when it takes up foreign DNA from its environment.
4. A noncoding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA but removed by splicing.
5. A heritable change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
10. A sequence of three mRNA nucleotides that encodes a single amino acid or a stop signal during translation.
11. A condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes (e.g., triploid, tetraploid).
14. The process of making an RNA copy of a DNA sequence (gene) using RNA polymerase.