Biology

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Across
  1. 2. an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
  2. 3. is an important mechanism by which cells can respond to their environment and extracellular cues.
  3. 5. a nucleoside phosphate comprised of a ribonucleoside and two phosphate groups.
  4. 9. is the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration against the concentration gradient.
  5. 10. is a biological catalyst and is almost always a protein
  6. 11. a cell communication pathway mediated by extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides.
  7. 13. is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.
  8. 14. a coenzyme that functions as a universal electron carrier, accepting electrons and hydrogen atoms to form NADPH
  9. 16. a metabolic process by which glucose or other six-carbon sugars are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate, which is lactic acid in solution. Happens in muscle cells.
  10. 24. is transparent to visible light but absorbs infrared radiation, acting as a greenhouse gas.
  11. 25. a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
  12. 26. A chemical substance found in drinks such as beer, wine, and liquor.
  13. 27. the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.
  14. 29. Is a reaction that use atp through catabolism of ketone bodies.
  15. 31. is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
  16. 35. a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate
  17. 39. a type of respiration where oxygen is not used or scarce.
  18. 40. a central metabolic coenzyme/cosubstrate involved in cellular energy metabolism and energy production.
Down
  1. 1. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle to be oxidized for energy production.
  2. 4. A large group of single-cell microorganisms. Some cause infections and disease in animals and humans.
  3. 6. is a type of membrane transport that does not require energy to move substances across cell membranes.
  4. 7. A molecule made up of amino acids.
  5. 8. a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions
  6. 12. are organisms whose cells have a nucleus
  7. 15. A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
  8. 17. an important “energy molecule” found in all life forms.
  9. 18. Is a necessary function of everyday life and could not occur without ATP
  10. 19. a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place.
  11. 20. Fermentation a biological process which converts sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose into cellular energy, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as by-products.
  12. 21. a simple sugar which is an important energy source in living organisms and is a component of many carbohydrates.
  13. 22. a nucleic acid present in all living cells. Its principal role is to act as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
  14. 23. a microscopic fungus consisting of single oval cells that reproduce by budding, and are capable of converting sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxide.
  15. 24. the smallest unit that can live on its own and that makes up all living organisms and the tissues of the body.
  16. 28. is similar to paracrine signaling but there is a special structure called the synapse between the cell originating and the cell receiving the signal.
  17. 30. the chemical breakdown of a substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms, typically involving effervescence and the giving off of heat.
  18. 32. the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
  19. 33. a chemical element with an atomic number of 8
  20. 34. is a nucleotide used in cells for DNA synthesis (or replication), as a substrate of DNA polymerase.
  21. 36. a colorless, odorless, highly flammable gas, the chemical element of atomic number 1.
  22. 37. A product of fermentation.
  23. 38. a redox-active coenzyme associated with various proteins, which is involved with several enzymatic reactions in metabolism.