Across
- 7. / lymphocytes that activate B lymphocytes
- 9. / substance which blocks processes in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells so are used to encourage immunity to infections
- 12. / hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
- 14. / gene that codes for the DNA-binding protein called TDF, which when not present, allows the embryonic gonads to develop as ovaries
- 15. / process of maintaining the internal environment between limits, including blood PH, CO2 concentrations, blood glucose concentrations, body temperature and H2O balance
- 19. / Is the wave of muscle contraction of the small intestine which mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut
- 22. / ovarian hormone that maintains the endometrium and has negative feedback on LH and FSH
- 23. / process in which the volume of lungs increases, pressure decreases, air enters lungs, diaphragm contracts, internal intercostal muscles relax, external intercostal muscles contract, abs relax, and thorax moves up and out
- 25. / increase surface area of small intestines and absorb monomers formed by digestion
- 26. / white blood cells that squeeze through pores in the walls of capillaries and move to site of infection to combat pathogens
- 27. / term which describes a pair of muscles that work together in similar areas but in opposite movements
- 29. / ovarian hormone that stimulates repair of the endometrium and has positive feedback on LH
- 30. / a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusion of the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of an impulse to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber
- 32. / secretes enzymes amylase, lipase, and protease into the lumen of the small intestine
- 35. / blood clot
- 36. / chambers of the heart which pump blood to the lungs or body after receiving it from the atria
- 37. / substance secreted in lungs that lowers surface tension, prevents rubbing and sticking
- 43. / the mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo
- 44. / collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart
- 45. / involves either having antibodies against a pathogen or memory cells that allow rapid production of the antibody
- 46. / chambers of the heart where blood is delivered from either the lungs or the body
- 49. / nerve that stimulates the heart to beat faster
- 53. / the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential
- 54. / cells that deposit the myelin by growing round and around the nerve fibre
- 57. / a gap between the end of the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
- 58. / Development of fatty tissue called atheroma in the artery wall adjacent to the endothelium
- 61. / process of breathing in and out, which requires the maintenance of a concentration gradient
- 64. / narrowing of the arteries that supply blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
- 65. / hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood
- 67. / enzyme secreted by adipose tissue to inhibit appetite
Down
- 1. / a non-pathogenic molecule that is antigenic and causes symptoms similar to an infection
- 2. / cells found in the endocrine tissue in pancreas which synthesize insulin and secrete it when blood glucose concentration rise above the set point
- 3. / process in which sodium channels close and potassium channels open, diffusing K+ out of the neuron down the concentration gradient so the inside is negative relative to the outside
- 4. / highest blood pressure that occurs when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta
- 5. / the inactive version of the soluble protein fibrinogen, which forms a web that physically blocks bleeding
- 6. / cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes
- 8. / process in which sodium channels open and let Na+ ions into a neuron down the concentration gradient, making the inside positive relative to the outside
- 10. / molecules produced by glands that go into the bloodstream and have wide-reaching consequences on many cells
- 11. / part of the brain that sends nerve messages the sinoatrial node to tell the heart to speed up or slow down
- 13. / dome shaped muscles at bottom of lungs that fascilitates ventilation
- 16. / hormone secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms
- 17. / hormone often called adrenaline, which increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity
- 18. / disease in which the thin-walled alveoli are replaced with larger air sacs with thicker walls, the total area for gas exchange is considerably reduced and the distance over which gas exchange occurs is increased, hence gas exchange becomes less effective
- 20. / chemicals similar in structure to acetylcholine which are used in pesicides and bind to acetylcholine receptors in insects and causes paralysis and death
- 21. / transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands and cause a response
- 24. / the largest artery, which pumps blood from the heart
- 28. / type of diabetes characterized by inability to process or respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors or glucose transporters on target cells, which is caused by diet and lifestyle
- 31. / ability of nerve impulses to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
- 33. / junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a receptor or effector cell
- 34. / cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
- 38. / protein hormone which peaks towards the end of the menstrual cycle to stimulate the development of follicles and has a positive feedback on estrogen
- 39. / type of pneumocytes which are extremely thin alveolar cells that carry out gas exchange
- 40. / disease that invades and destroys helper T-cells
- 41. / enzyme contained in saliva, which begins the digestion of starches
- 42. / acts as the heart's pacemaker
- 47. / enzyme produced by platelets as a clotting factor which converts the protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh that traps more platelets and blood cells to make a scab
- 48. / nerve that reduces the heart rate
- 50. / cell fragments that circulate in the blood which aggregate at the site of an injury, forming a temporary plug and further release the clotting factors that trigger off the clotting process
- 51. / process in which the volume of the lungs decreases, pressure increases, air leaves the lungs, diagram relaxes, intercostal muscles contract, external intercostal muscles relax, abs contract, and the thorax moves in and out
- 52. / blood pressure when the heart relaxes between beats and the pressure in the arteries is lowest
- 55. / protein hormone which causes release of an egg from ovary and has positive feedback on progesterone
- 56. / the biggest vein in the body, which carries blood from the body into the right atrium
- 59. / hormone secreted by the thyroid gland in the neck to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature
- 60. / fertilization that occurs outside the body in carefully controlled laboratory conditions
- 62. / convey blood at high pressure from ventricles to the tissues of the body
- 63. / proteins found embedded in plasma membranes or cell wall of bacteria or in the protein coat of a virus
- 66. / cells found in the endocrine tissue of pancreas which synthesize and secrete glucagon if the blood level falls below the set point
- 68. / type of pneumocytes in the alveoli which secrete a solution containing surfactant to create a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of them from adhering to each other when air is exhaled from the lungs