Across
- 4. / cells found in the endocrine tissue of pancreas which synthesize and secrete glucagon if the blood level falls below the set point
- 6. / secretes enzymes amylase, lipase, and protease into the lumen of the small intestine
- 8. / ovarian hormone that stimulates repair of the endometrium and has positive feedback on LH
- 11. / highest blood pressure that occurs when the heart contracts and pumps blood into the aorta
- 16. / substance which blocks processes in prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells so are used to encourage immunity to infections
- 17. / chambers of the heart where blood is delivered from either the lungs or the body
- 20. / hormone secreted by the pineal gland to control circadian rhythms
- 24. / process of breathing in and out, which requires the maintenance of a concentration gradient
- 26. / fertilization that occurs outside the body in carefully controlled laboratory conditions
- 27. / enzyme contained in saliva, which begins the digestion of starches
- 29. / the critical level to which a membrane potential must be depolarized to initiate an action potential
- 32. / chambers of the heart which pump blood to the lungs or body after receiving it from the atria
- 34. / cells that engulf and destroy pathogens
- 35. / narrowing of the arteries that supply blood containing oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
- 37. / disease that invades and destroys helper T-cells
- 38. / type of diabetes characterized by inability to process or respond to insulin because of a deficiency of insulin receptors or glucose transporters on target cells, which is caused by diet and lifestyle
- 39. / a non-pathogenic molecule that is antigenic and causes symptoms similar to an infection
- 40. / type of pneumocytes in the alveoli which secrete a solution containing surfactant to create a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of them from adhering to each other when air is exhaled from the lungs
- 42. / process in which the volume of the lungs decreases, pressure increases, air leaves the lungs, diagram relaxes, intercostal muscles contract, external intercostal muscles relax, abs contract, and the thorax moves in and out
- 44. / gene that codes for the DNA-binding protein called TDF, which when not present, allows the embryonic gonads to develop as ovaries
- 45. / white blood cells that squeeze through pores in the walls of capillaries and move to site of infection to combat pathogens
- 48. / junction between 2 neurons or between a neuron and a receptor or effector cell
- 49. / nerve that reduces the heart rate
- 50. / process in which sodium channels open and let Na+ ions into a neuron down the concentration gradient, making the inside positive relative to the outside
- 51. / Is the wave of muscle contraction of the small intestine which mixes the food with enzymes and moves it along the gut
- 52. / nerve that stimulates the heart to beat faster
- 55. / process in which sodium channels close and potassium channels open, diffusing K+ out of the neuron down the concentration gradient so the inside is negative relative to the outside
- 58. / chemicals similar in structure to acetylcholine which are used in pesicides and bind to acetylcholine receptors in insects and causes paralysis and death
- 59. / type of pneumocytes which are extremely thin alveolar cells that carry out gas exchange
- 61. / ovarian hormone that maintains the endometrium and has negative feedback on LH and FSH
- 62. / hormone formed in the pancreas that promotes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver
- 63. / protein hormone which peaks towards the end of the menstrual cycle to stimulate the development of follicles and has a positive feedback on estrogen
- 64. / the inactive version of the soluble protein fibrinogen, which forms a web that physically blocks bleeding
- 65. / convey blood at high pressure from ventricles to the tissues of the body
- 66. / process in which the volume of lungs increases, pressure decreases, air enters lungs, diaphragm contracts, internal intercostal muscles relax, external intercostal muscles contract, abs relax, and thorax moves up and out
- 67. / disease in which the thin-walled alveoli are replaced with larger air sacs with thicker walls, the total area for gas exchange is considerably reduced and the distance over which gas exchange occurs is increased, hence gas exchange becomes less effective
Down
- 1. / molecules produced by glands that go into the bloodstream and have wide-reaching consequences on many cells
- 2. / cells that deposit the myelin by growing round and around the nerve fibre
- 3. / lymphocytes that activate B lymphocytes
- 5. / protein hormone which causes release of an egg from ovary and has positive feedback on progesterone
- 7. / substance secreted in lungs that lowers surface tension, prevents rubbing and sticking
- 9. / enzyme secreted by adipose tissue to inhibit appetite
- 10. / cells found in the endocrine tissue in pancreas which synthesize insulin and secrete it when blood glucose concentration rise above the set point
- 12. / enzyme produced by platelets as a clotting factor which converts the protein fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin, which forms a mesh that traps more platelets and blood cells to make a scab
- 13. / collect blood at low pressure from the tissues of the body and return it to the atria of the heart
- 14. / proteins found embedded in plasma membranes or cell wall of bacteria or in the protein coat of a virus
- 15. / transmit impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands and cause a response
- 18. / the largest artery, which pumps blood from the heart
- 19. / blood clot
- 21. / type of diabetes which is hereditary and is characterized by inability to produce sufficient quantities of insulin, destruction of Beta cells
- 22. / part of the brain that sends nerve messages the sinoatrial node to tell the heart to speed up or slow down
- 23. / increase surface area of small intestines and absorb monomers formed by digestion
- 25. / ability of nerve impulses to jump from one node of Ranvier to the next
- 28. / cell fragments that circulate in the blood which aggregate at the site of an injury, forming a temporary plug and further release the clotting factors that trigger off the clotting process
- 30. / the mucous membrane lining the uterus, which thickens during the menstrual cycle in preparation for possible implantation of an embryo
- 31. / acts as the heart's pacemaker
- 33. / a chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and by diffusion of the synapse or junction, causes the transfer of an impulse to another nerve fiber, muscle fiber
- 36. / cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes
- 37. / process of maintaining the internal environment between limits, including blood PH, CO2 concentrations, blood glucose concentrations, body temperature and H2O balance
- 41. / Development of fatty tissue called atheroma in the artery wall adjacent to the endothelium
- 43. / dome shaped muscles at bottom of lungs that fascilitates ventilation
- 46. / term which describes a pair of muscles that work together in similar areas but in opposite movements
- 47. / blood pressure when the heart relaxes between beats and the pressure in the arteries is lowest
- 53. / hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates the amount of glucose in the blood
- 54. / hormone often called adrenaline, which increases the heart rate to prepare for vigorous physical activity
- 56. / involves either having antibodies against a pathogen or memory cells that allow rapid production of the antibody
- 57. / hormone secreted by the thyroid gland in the neck to regulate the metabolic rate and help control body temperature
- 60. / the biggest vein in the body, which carries blood from the body into the right atrium