Across
- 2. it is the process of producing energy without the presence of oxygen
- 4. moving of ions to the other side of the membrane to generate a electrochemical gradient
- 6. a concept of coupling two biological reactions
- 7. the reduction of oxygen to generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of ATP
- 12. a type of a cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells
- 13. starch and sugar present in grains and fruits ferments into vinegar and condiments
- 14. Krebs cycle is also called as _____
- 15. Pi stands for _______
- 17. a type of cellular communication in which a cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells
- 18. intracellular messengers include hormones, various enzymes, lipid mediators, _________, nitric oxide, growth factors, and reactive oxygen species
- 22. the product of anaerobic respiration are CO2, ________, and ATP
- 25. byproduct of lactic acid fermentation
- 26. generation of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials
- 28. fatty acid chains are permanently shortened, yielding Acetyl-CoA molecules
- 32. FADH stands for ______
- 37. three phosphates groups - alpha, beta, _____
- 40. synthesis of polymers to monomers
- 42. it is where glycolysis occurs
- 43. one of the building blocks of DNA and RNA
- 45. steongest electron receptor
- 47. is the energy currency energy of the cell
- 48. addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
- 52. One action of ATP in muscle contraction is pumping of _________ from the myoplasm across the sarcoplasmic reticulum against their concentration using active transport
- 53. CO2 stands for ________
- 54. glucose is partially oxidized to create acids and alcohols
- 55. The hydrolysis of ATP to ADP is ________
- 56. creates molecules the body needs for functionality
- 58. NADH stands for _____
- 59. monomer of a protein
- 60. the process by which biological fuels are oxidised in the presence of an inorganic electron acceptor such as oxygen to produce large amounts of energy, to drive the bulk production of ATP
- 61. its primary function is to create an electrochemical gradient and has a series of 4 complexes.
- 63. series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through yhe oxidation of Acetyl CoA
- 65. the presence of the ___________ helps regulate kinase activity
- 66. carries signals that put your body's systems on alert
- 67. a neccessary function of everyday life and could not occur without ATP
Down
- 1. it is the process of producing energy in the presence of oxygen
- 3. converts ADP into ATP
- 5. it where krebs cycle and electron transport chain occurs
- 8. alcohol fermentation is catalyzed by __________ and alcohol dehydrogenase
- 9. a process which converts glucose into pyruvate
- 10. Signal transduction heavily relies on ATP. When a kinase phosphorylates a protein, a signaling cascade can be activated, leading to the modulation of diverse ________________ pathways.
- 11. are derived from oxidation of nonesterified or ______________ (FFAs) by the lover and are used as an energy source by many tissues during periods of glucose deficiency
- 16. is a breakdown of substances caused by water
- 19. loss of electrons
- 20. The structure of ATP is a ______
- 21. DNA stands for _______
- 23. breaks the chemical bonds into larger, more complex molecules
- 24. DNA stands for __________
- 27. gain of electrons or loss of exygen
- 29. carries signals that relax your body systems
- 30. The reverse reaction, which regenerates ATP from ADP and Pi requires _______
- 31. a substance in your body that produces hair, eye and skin pigmentation
- 33. pumping of substances across membranes
- 34. stored form of glucose
- 35. a positively charged particle
- 36. byproduct of alcoholic fermentation
- 38. a green pigment
- 39. In certain bacteria and animal muscle cells, under anaerobic conditions, the pyrivic acid is reduced to lactic acid by ____________
- 40. 1st compound formed in the krebs cycle
- 41. yields ATP through the catabolism of ketone bodies
- 44. release of energy to the surroundings
- 46. referred to as high energy bonds
- 49. an example of this is synthesis of glycogen from glucose
- 50. an example of this is beating of cilia or muscle contractions
- 51. a type of an endergonic reaction where energy is stored.
- 57. is a simple sugar and a carbohydrate
- 62. ATP is an _____ nucleotide that bears a chain of three phosphates
- 64. ______ and few other microorganisms use alcoholic fermentation, forming ethyl alcohol and CO2 as wastes