Across
- 2. Specialised fluid, often containing cells, that is circulated to provide internal transport in animals.
- 4. ______ circulatory system: A system for fluid transportation in which there is no specialised transporting fluid (blood).
- 7. A membrane-bound liquid-filled space within cells. Responsible for turgidity and storage in plants as well as Water balance and intercellular digestion in organisms.
- 8. A tube carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
- 14. ____ of Henle: The U-shaped loop in a mammalian kidney between the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, dipping into the medulla.
- 15. ________ circulatory system: A circulation system in which specialized fluid carrying nutrients (e.g. blood) is circulated throughout the body in a closed system of vessels.
- 16. A plant response in which the direction of the response is related to the direction from which the stimulus comes (maybe positive or negative).
- 18. _____ acid: A complex nitrogenous compound that is produced by the breakdown of nucleic acids. Excreted by snails, reptiles, insects and birds
- 20. A muscular pumping organ that mover internal fluid (usually blood) in animals.
- 21. ______ pressure gradient: A gradient that causes the bulk flow of water in the phloem. It arises in response to an osmotic gradient.
- 22. A vertebrate storage organ for urine.
- 24. __________ hormone: A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that controls the secretion of some pituitary hormones.
- 26. The removal of waste products from metabolism.
- 28. A plant hormone that stimulates the division of plant cells in the presence of an auxin.
- 33. Change in direction of plant growth in response to contact with a surface.
- 34. The organ of excretion in vertebrates, also has a role in water regulation.
- 36. _________ neuron: One which conducts an impulse from the receptor to the central nervous system
- 37. _________ detector: A receptor that detects change in a factor of the internal environment that is being regulated.
- 40. Tissue responsible for the transport of water and minerals from soil to leaves in vascular land plants.
- 45. Large artery carrying blood from the left ventricle to the body of animals.
- 46. Two large veins returning blood from the body and into the right atrium.
- 47. A blood vessel with thick, elastic walls, through which blood flows from the heart to other body parts
- 49. The fluid within the lymphatic system.
- 51. The area of the brain immediately below the thalamus.
- 54. ________ nervous system: A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates the internal environment.
- 57. A chemical released from a neuron ending, in response to a nerve impulse that interacts specifically with receptors on a responding cell.
- 60. The junction between a neuron and another cell, across which an impulse is transmitted; synaptic transmission usually involves the release of a chemical (neurotransmitter).
- 61. Oxygenated: High in oxygen.
- 62. _________ detector: A receptor that detects a change in the internal of external environment
- 64. Is the first nitrogenous waste to be formed in the breakdown of protein.
- 68. ____arc: A nerve pathway that produces an automatic and often rapid response to a stimulus; occurs without conscious thought.
- 75. A tiny blood vessel across which exchange occurs between blood and tissues.
- 77. Sensory receptor that detects and responds to a change in its shape.
- 78. _________ fluid: Extracellular fluid located in the spaces between cells in tissues.
- 80. A specialised structure that can detect a specific stimulus and initiate an action potential.
- 82. __________ fluid: Fluid contained within the cell membrane; fluid within the cytoplasm.
- 83. Active release of specific substances from a cell or group of cells.
- 84. A blood vessel that carries blood towards the heart in animals with closed circulatory system.
- 85. The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the face of changes in either the external or internal environment.
- 87. Fatty sheath containing nerves.
- 88. Deoxygenated: Has _____ levels of oxygen
- 94. Evaporation of water from plant shoots, mainly through stomata in leaves, and due largely to heat from the sun; draws water up xylem vessels from roots.
- 97. _______ cortex: The surface of the brain that is concerned with higher functions (such as memory).
- 98. A sensory receptor that detects and responds to light.
- 100. ______ potential: A reversal of the normal potential difference across a cell membrane, or between the inside and outside of a nerve fibre.
- 102. A plant hormone associated with fruit development and ripening.
- 104. __________ nervous system (PNS): Nerve pathways and neurons located outside the central nervous system of a vertebrate; includes spinal, sensory nerves and nerves supplying the internal organs.
- 105. blood pressure: Pressure in the main arteries due to the pumping action of the left ventricle.
- 106. The external covering of an organism.
- 107. _____ acid: A growth inhibiting plant hormone.
- 109. A plant hormone that promotes the growth of new shoots, phototropic responses and development of plant parts.
- 110. The area of the brain that functions in the unconscious coordination of movement and balance.
- 112. A clump of capillaries from which plasma is filtered into the Bowman’s capsule in the first part of urine formation. Found in the outa cortex of the kidney
- 113. Membrane-bound vesicles, found in most animal cells, in which powerful enzymes break down debris and foreign microorganisms
- 114. __________ system: A system of vessels, emptying into veins near the heart, which returns interstitial fluid and proteins into the blood circulation.
Down
- 1. ________ neuron: One which conducts an impulse from the central nervous system to the effector.
- 3. A secretion produced by the bladder, acts as an emulsifying agent.
- 5. An intermitted wave of raised blood pressure passing rapidly along main arteries due to the left ventricle pumping blood into the aorta.
- 6. A nerve cell, including its cell body, dendrites and axon, forming the fundamental unit of the nervous system in animals.
- 7. ______ tissue: Specialised transport tissues of plants that are continuous throughout the plant. It includes Xylem and Phloem tissue.
- 9. Pulmonary ______: Blood vessels carrying blood towards or away from the lungs (via pulmonary arteries and pulmonary veins)
- 10. An organ in vertebrates that secretes bile and stores glycogen.
- 11. Small fragments of cells found in blood and involved in the blood clotting process.
- 12. __________ nervous system: A sub division of the nervous system involved with functions over which the body has voluntary control.
- 13. A chamber of the heart into which blood returns from the body or the lungs before passing into the ventricles.
- 17. ______ blood cell (erythrocyte): A small biconcave haemoglobin-containing blood cell involved in oxygen transport.
- 19. The top of the spinal cord extending into the middle of the brain.
- 23. _______ gland: In animals, a gland that typically releases its secretion via a duct directly to the site of action, or into the exterior of the body.
- 25. ________ gland: in animals, a gland that typically releases its secretion (hormone) directly into the circulatory system
- 26. A muscle or gland that responds to a stimulus.
- 27. ______ blood cells (leucocyte): A nucleated blood cell involved in immune defence and responses. Including lymphocytes and phagocytes
- 29. A functional unit of the kidney; made up of Bowman’s capsule surrounding a glomerulus and a tubular region leading into a collecting tubule.
- 30. Fluid produced by the kidneys which contains nitrogenous waste products.
- 31. The middle (for example the middle of the kidneys)
- 32. Sensory receptors that detect and respond to specific chemical substances.
- 35. Pulmonary _____: Veins carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left ventricle
- 38. ‘Wood’ material in plant cell walls.
- 39. Naturally according hormones that accelerate plant growth by increasing stem elongation.
- 41. ___________ division: The division of the autonomic nervous system that generally enhances body activities to gain and conserve energy
- 42. Plant tissue through which sugars and other organic compounds are distributed to different parts of the plant.
- 43. __________ tubules: The excretory organs of insects that consists of blind-ending tubular glands that empty into the digestive tract. They remove nitrogenous waste from the blood.
- 44. A tube that carries urine from the bladder to the exterior.
- 46. Flaps of tissue that prevent the backflow of blood in the heart or Lymph in the lymphatic system.
- 48. ________ artery: Arteries, arising from the aorta, which carries blood to the muscular walls of the ventricles.
- 50. In the kidney, the process by which the primary kidney filtrate is taken back into the tissues, via the nephrons.
- 52. A type of white blood cell responsible for immune responses.
- 53. The reversal of polarity across the membrane of a cell.
- 55. A region of rapidly dividing cells which produces secondary growth in woody plants.
- 56. A nerve cell found in the brain or spinal cord
- 58. The part of the nerve cell that conducts action potential away from the cell body and towards the next nerve cell.
- 59. A type of white blood cell that is able to engulf and breakdown extracellular debris and invading microorganisms.
- 63. _________ fluid: Fluid located outside cell membranes: includes blood, plasma and interstitial fluid.
- 65. A highly muscular pumping chamber of the heart.
- 66. A small vein
- 67. Having a charge across a surface (e.g. Positive and negative)
- 69. A response of an organism to light (e.g. a change in direction of growth in a plant).
- 70. Sensory receptors that detect or respond to heat or cold
- 71. When substances are filtered through a specialised organ so nutrients can be reabsorbed by the body. (when blood is filtered in the glomerulus of the kidney).
- 72. Transport of dissolved sugars and other organic materials through phloem sieve tubes, from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
- 73. Stimulation of growth in some plants by exposure to a period of cold
- 74. ________ feedback: A mechanism in homeostasis whereby a change in the physical condition triggers a response that re-establishes homeostasis.
- 76. The loss of liquid water from leaves as a result of root pressure.
- 79. ______ nervous system (CNS): The brain and spinal cord of vertebrates.
- 81. Extensions of the cell body that increases the surface area for receiving inputs from neurons or sensory receptors.
- 86. _________ division: The division of the autonomic nervous system responsible for energy expenditure and preparing the body for action
- 89. The outer layer of an organ such as the brain or kidney.
- 90. ______ Pressure: Fluid pressure generated by the osmotic uptake of water, accompanying the active uptake of mineral salts into roots; contributes to the movement of water up the xylem in plants.
- 91. Blood _________ system: The blood transport system of the body.
- 92. A smaller branch of an artery.
- 93. The orientation of a plants growth in response to gravity.
- 95. Pulmonary ______: Arteries carrying deoxygenated blood from the right ventricles to the lungs.
- 96. __________ vessel: A vessel involved in the distribution of the blood to and from the body tissues.
- 99. ________ gland: An endocrine gland at the base of the hypothalamus which produces and secrets numerous hormones that regulated diverse body functions.
- 101. _______ capsule: The initial region of a nephron into which filtered plasma flows from the glomerulus
- 103. Passive diffusion of free water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a solution in which there are more free water molecules (a dilute solution) to a solution in which there are fewer free water molecules (a concentrated solution).
- 105. A pale yellow liquid that is the fluid portion of the blood.
- 108. A functional unit of nervous system; consists of many neurons and carries messages in the form of electrical signals.
- 111. A product of protein metabolism that is water soluble and removed by excretion