Across
- 1. The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms, including catabolism and anabolism
- 4. A variant form of a gene that determines specific traits in an organism
- 6. A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides that alters the reading frame of a gene
- 9. A unicellular organism without a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles, such as bacteria
- 11. Organelles known as the powerhouse of the cell, where cellular respiration and ATP production occur
- 12. A protein that acts as a biological catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions in the body
- 15. Plant cell organelles that perform photosynthesis by converting light energy into chemical energy
- 16. A cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, often found in prokaryotes
- 17. A chemical reaction that breaks bonds in molecules by adding water
- 19. A mutated or overexpressed gene that can transform a normal cell into a cancerous cell
- 22. Large biomolecules composed of amino acids that perform a variety of functions in organisms, such as enzymes, hormones, and structural components
- 24. The division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells during cell division
- 25. An organism or agent that causes disease in another organism
- 27. The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Down
- 2. An organism with cells that contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists
- 3. A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or functional RNA
- 5. A characteristic of a system that arises from the interactions of its components but is not present in the individual components
- 7. A change in the DNA sequence of an organism that can lead to variation or disease
- 8. The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis
- 10. body An inactivated X chromosome found in the cells of female mammals
- 13. The process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that results in two identical daughter cells
- 14. A microscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells of a host
- 15. A genetic scenario where both alleles are expressed equally in the phenotype
- 18. A type of mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid
- 20. A process where cells expel materials through vesicles that merge with the plasma membrane
- 21. The process of using a proton gradient to produce ATP in cellular respiration or photosynthesis
- 23. A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four haploid cells as part of sexual reproduction
- 24. Proteins that regulate the progression of the cell cycle
- 26. A three-nucleotide sequence on mRNA that specifies an amino acid or a stop signal during translation