Across
- 3. Selection favors two or more extreme traits, leading to a split in the population.
- 4. The process of arranging organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.
- 5. The process of cell division where the nucleus divides.
- 9. Sugar, starch, or cellulose; provides energy.
- 10. Tiny openings on the leaf surface that allow gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide to enter and exit.
- 13. Made of amino acids; essential for muscle and enzyme functions.
- 14. The system of giving each organism a two-part scientific name (genus and species).
- 16. The process by which green plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
- 18. The first division, separating homologous chromosomes.
- 21. The division of the cytoplasm, resulting in two daughter cells.
- 23. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
- 24. Small, simple cell without a nucleus; DNA floats freely; includes bacteria.
- 28. Fewer traits to select from, less tolerance to change, and increased susceptibility to disease (e.g., inbreeding).
- 29. Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite sides of the cell.
- 30. Chromosomes line up in the middle of each cell.
- 32. Series of reactions in photosynthesis that use energy to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.
- 33. Contain fibers that enable movement.
- 34. Homologous chromosomes pair up (synapsis) and crossing-over occurs, exchanging genetic material.
- 37. DNA and RNA; carry genetic information.
- 39. Two haploid cells are formed, each with half the original chromosome number.
- 40. Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.
- 41. Regions with more evaporation, such as the Red Sea or the Persian Gulf.
- 42. The organelle known as the "powerhouse of the cell," where cellular respiration occurs.
- 43. Nuclear envelopes reform around the two sets of chromosomes; chromosomes begin to uncoil.
- 44. Fats and oils; store energy and make up cell membranes.
- 45. Four genetically diverse haploid cells are produced.
- 46. Respiration that requires oxygen, producing maximum ATP.
Down
- 1. Selection favors one extreme trait, shifting the population in that direction.
- 2. The second division, similar to mitosis, separating sister chromatids.
- 6. Respiration that does not require oxygen, producing less energy and sometimes lactic acid or alcohol.
- 7. Chromosomes condense again in each haploid cell.
- 8. The science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
- 11. Greater variation provides better adaptability, allowing populations to tolerate environmental changes.
- 12. A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, producing four haploid gamete cells (sperm and egg).
- 15. Transmit electrical signals in the nervous system.
- 17. A simple sugar that is broken down to produce energy during respiration.
- 19. Larger, complex cell with a nucleus; DNA is inside the nucleus; includes plants, animals, fungi.
- 20. Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down, spindle fibers form.
- 21. The green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
- 22. Part of photosynthesis that requires light to produce energy-rich molecules.
- 25. The main energy currency of the cell, produced during respiration.
- 26. Regions with more freshwater input, like estuaries or near river mouths.
- 27. Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite sides.
- 31. Gas required for aerobic respiration; acts as the final electron acceptor.
- 35. Carry oxygen throughout the body.
- 36. The concentration of salts in seawater, usually measured in parts per thousand (ppt).
- 38. Homologous pairs line up in the middle of the cell.