Across
- 3. The sequence of nucleotides which contains the partner nucleotides to another strand of DNA
- 4. A molecular biology technique used in gene technology which amplifies specific sections of DNA to produce large quantities for DNA profiling or genetic engineering
- 7. A short sequence of single stranded DNA with a complementary base sequence to the DNA or RNA being copied. These short fragments of DNA can be used in laboratory techniques such as PCR
- 10. A single strand of DNA which is transcribed to create and complimentary copy used for DNA replication
- 12. region of upstream DNA where relevant proteins, including transcription factors and RNA polymerase bind, initiating transcription of that gene
- 13. Multiple triplets can form the same amino acid
- 14. An early embryonic stem cell capable of giving rise to any cell type including embryonic and umbilical stem cells
- 16. A protein that binds to specific regions of DNA, controlling the replication of genes
- 17. The enzyme which bonds together nucleotides with the sugar phosphate backbone
- 19. A laboratory technique used to separate DNA, RNA or proteins based on their size and electrical charge
- 22. Increased addition of methyl groups to DNA causing the DNA to coil up and become less transcriptionally active
- 24. An enzyme which binds together sticky ends of plasmids, used in genetic engineering
- 25. Small, circular rings of double stranded DNA that occur naturally in bacteria
- 26. Embryonic stem cells which can differentiate into almost any cell type apart from embryonic
- 27. A group of 3 nucleotides which are translated in a ribosome to code for one amino acid
- 28. Heating of DNA to very high temperatures (past optimal) to break hydrogen bonds and then cooling to much lower temperatures to allow for DNA replication
- 29. An enzyme which cuts DNA at specific sites along the sequence, used in genetic engineering
Down
- 1. A sequence of double stranded DNA or RNA molecule where reading in one direction (e.g. 5’ to 3’) on one strand is identical to the sequence in the same direction (e.g. 5’ to 3’) on the complementary strand
- 2. A group of 3 nucleotides which are complementary to another group of 3 nucleotides; often found on tRNA
- 5. A protein which a specific tertiary structure, complimentary to its substrate/ binding protein
- 6. Bonds which occur between bases in DNA and in the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins
- 8. The study of how behaviour and the environment can cause changes to the expression of genes
- 9. A section of DNA which is transferred with the desired DNA in genetic engineering to allow detection of a successful uptake of desired DNA
- 11. mRNA which contains introns
- 15. The base which binds to adenine in RNA
- 18. A process by which stem cells divide to form more stem cells in order to maintain their numbers
- 20. A short length of single stranded DNA which binds to specific complimentary regions to allow detection and identification
- 21. The process of replication of a DNA sequence into an RNA sequence using a template DNA strand
- 23. Chemical substances that target specific structures that are unique to the bacteria which inhibit or kill the bacterial cells
- 24. When stem cells become specialised through selective gene expression meaning only certain genes in the DNA are activated and therefore expressed