Across
- 7. a sugar acquired from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.
- 10. relating or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially produced.
- 12. a phosphorus atom bound to four oxygen atoms, that has many important roles.
- 15. enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides.
- 19. the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids, especially when conducted in order to identify individuals.
- 21. a genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes, typically a small circular DNA strand in the cytoplasm of a bacterium or protozoan. Plasmids are much used in the laboratory manipulation of genes.
- 22. the transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
- 25. (of an organism or crop) containing genetic material that has been artificially altered so as to produce a desired characteristic.
- 26. an enzyme that synthesizes short RNA sequences called primers.
- 27. DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms.
- 28. a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.
- 29. The rule that in DNA there is always equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C.
- 30. a molecular component of a ribosome, the cell's essential protein factory.
Down
- 1. a compound that is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A pyrimidine derivative, it is paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.
- 2. a compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids. It is paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.
- 3. small RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosome for polymerization into a polypeptide.
- 4. an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical.
- 5. an enzyme produced chiefly by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.
- 6. a compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids. A purine derivative, it is paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.
- 8. a nucleic acid present in all living cells that acts as a messenger carrying instructions from DNA for controlling the synthesis of proteins.
- 9. a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface. Scientists use DNA microarrays to measure the expression levels of large numbers of genes simultaneously or to genotype multiple regions of a genome.
- 11. the area where the replication of DNA will take place.
- 13. An enzyme that uses energy from nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis in order to unwind the two annealed nucleic acid strands.
- 14. a gene or short sequence of DNA used to identify a chromosome or to locate other genes on a genetic map.
- 16. scientific tests or techniques used in connection with the detection of crime.
- 17. a pair of nitrogenous bases that connects the complementary strands strands of DNA or of double-stranded RNA and consists of a purine linked by hydrogen bonds to a pyrimidine: adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine in DNA, and adenine-uracil and guanine-cytosine in RNA. base pair in Science.
- 18. a subtype of RNA and a molecule that carries a portion of the DNA code to other parts of the cell for processing.
- 20. The act or process of generating a copy.
- 23. a technique used in molecular biology to make a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
- 24. an enzyme that brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.