Biotechnology

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Across
  1. 3. The process by which cells are grown under controlled conditions, generally outside their natural environment.
  2. 5. Chain Reaction (PCR): A technique used to amplify a single copy or a few copies of a segment of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence.
  3. 6. The large-scale study of proteins.
  4. 7. A measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
  5. 8. The transplantation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones in order to correct genetic disorders.
  6. 9. A small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecule that is distinct from a cell's chromosomal DNA. Plasmids naturally exist in bacterial cells, and they also occur in some eukaryotes.
  7. 12. An interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data.
  8. 13. A unique technology that enables geneticists and medical researchers to edit parts of the genome by removing, adding or altering sections of the DNA sequence.
  9. 14. The process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.
  10. 16. A metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substrates through the action of enzymes. In biotechnology, fermentation is used to produce a variety of substances, such as pharmaceuticals, and biofuels.
  11. 17. A laboratory method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to molecular size.
  12. 18. An antibody produced by a single clone of cells or cell line and consisting of identical antibody molecules.
Down
  1. 1. DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination to bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.
  2. 2. The use of living organisms or their products for commercial purposes. Genetic Engineering: The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology. Cloning: The process of producing genetically identical individuals of an organism either naturally or artificially.
  3. 4. A process used to treat contaminated media, including water, soil and subsurface material, by altering environmental conditions to stimulate growth of microorganisms and degrade the target pollutants.
  4. 10. The branch of molecular biology concerned with the structure, function, evolution, and mapping of genomes.
  5. 11. Of, relating to, or denoting an organism that contains genetic material into which DNA from an unrelated organism has been artificially introduced.
  6. 15. An undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism that is capable of giving rise to indefinitely more cells of the same type, and from which certain other kinds of cell arise by differentiation.