Across
- 1. The sector of the economy focused on the production of cloth and clothing, which was one of the first industries to industrialize, using innovations like the spinning jenny and power loom.
- 3. A period of major industrial and technological advancements during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized and mechanized systems.
- 4. A period of agricultural development preceding the Industrial Revolution, marked by innovations such as crop rotation, selective breeding, and improved farming tools, which increased food production and freed labor for industrial work.
- 7. The development and application of new tools, processes, or machines that improve efficiency, productivity, and economic growth.
- 8. The use of machinery to replace manual labor in the production of goods, increasing efficiency and productivity.
- 10. The pool of available workers, including those employed in factories, mines, and other industrial sectors, which expanded during industrialization.
- 11. A method of manufacturing that centralized production in large facilities with specialized machinery, leading to mass production and a shift from artisanal to industrial labor.
- 12. An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the pursuit of profit in competitive markets.
- 13. A machine that converts steam energy into mechanical power, playing a pivotal role in driving industrial machinery, transportation, and production processes during the Industrial Revolution.
- 14. The process by which rural populations migrate to urban areas, often resulting in the growth of cities due to industrialization.
Down
- 2. The privatization of common lands in England during the 18th century, which consolidated landholdings and forced small farmers to move to urban areas, contributing to a growing labor force for factories.
- 5. The profound change in an economy's structure and organization, often marked by industrialization, technological advancements, and shifts in production methods.
- 6. The effect of industrialization on the natural environment, including deforestation, pollution, and the depletion of natural resources.
- 9. The division of society into hierarchical groups based on wealth, occupation, and status, with significant changes during the Industrial Revolution, including the rise of the industrial middle class and the working class.