Across
- 1. one large continent that covered the Earth
- 3. series of cracks in the earth's crust
- 5. earthquake's final vibration
- 6. northern part of Pangaea
- 7. rising magma regions
- 12. narrow, semi-solid moving place in the mantle
- 13. theory that describes the activity of earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the ocean as being the result og enormous plates in the outer part of the planet
- 14. removing embedded gas through heat
- 15. study of magnetic properties in rocks
- 17. rock made up of remains partly from living organisms but mostly from older rocks of all classes
- 20. boundary that occurs where the plates slide past each other along the margins, grinding at the edges
- 21. areas where plates approach each other
- 24. underground spot where earthquake originates
- 27. point on the earth's surface directly above the focus
- 28. earthquake's violent tremors
- 29. rocky, rigid outer layer of Earth
- 30. upper layer of lithosphere
- 32. rock formed by cooling and solidification of magma
- 37. areas where plates move away from each other
- 39. the edges of plates dive into the earth and are reabsorbed at depths of over 400 miles
- 40. era that saw the evolution of multi-cellular organisms
- 41. direction of magnetic particles in rock
- 43. southern part of Pangaea
- 45. rocks formed by changes in the texture and mineral parts of other rocks under extreme heat and pressure deep within the earth
- 47. the ring of plate boundaries associated with volcanic island arcs and ocean trenches surrounding the Pacific Ocean
- 48. covers 70% of Earth's surface in the form of saltwater oceans
- 50. before the time when the history of the earth can be known
- 51. period when most of the major groups of animals appear in the fossil record
- 52. swirling pockets similar to tornadoes
Down
- 1. volcanoes that have formed in the Pacific Ocean for reasons unrelated to crustal plate boundaries
- 2. chunks of rock-creating planetary bodies
- 4. theory that new crust comes out from beneath the mid-oceanic ridges, solidifies into rock, and then moves away
- 8. large, rigid plates that float on the earth's asthenospehere
- 9. two or more species of atoms of a chemical element with the same atomic number
- 10. concentrations of mineral matter
- 11. theory that throughout most of Earth's existence there was only one large continent out of which the continents we know today came
- 16. cooled and hardened rock formed from molten matter that had risen to the earth's surface via a volcano eruption
- 18. hot layer of semi-solid rock under crust where most of Earth's mass is located
- 19. arrangement of minerals in planes in metamorphic rock
- 22. central, mettalic part of the earth with a liquid outer core, and a solid inner core
- 23. an underwater volcanic mountain system that splits the Atlantic Ocean
- 25. process of melting, separation of material, and outgassing of Earth
- 26. era when dinosaurs walked the earth
- 31. rock that has been liquified
- 33. underwater volcanic mountain system that encircles the planet
- 34. name of supercontinent that once covered Earth
- 35. first era in Earth's history
- 36. transfer of heat energy
- 38. the study of the earth's history through the record of its rocks
- 42. zones within the crust where earthquake areas are concentrated
- 44. outermost layer of Earth
- 46. era of mammals, birds, bony fish, and flowering plants
- 49. accumulation of solid matter from one or more of the minerals forming the earth's crust