Across
- 1. Complement proteins can form a Membrane Attack Complex to punch holes in invading bacterial cells' membranes. The abbreviation of this is ____.
- 4. Neutophils form the first line of defense in a microbial infection, and can be readily identified by their multi-lobed _______.
- 5. PRRs and ______s (Abb.) are part of innate immunity.
- 6. Fill in the cellular evolution flow chart: Stem cell -> __________ -> monocyte (in blood) -> Macrophage (tissues)
- 7. There are 3 sub-sets of T-cell lymphocytes: CD8 cytotoxic cells, TCR cells, and ___ helper cells.
- 8. PAMPs is an abbreviation for _________-__________ molecules, and are bound to by PRRs, which are expressed by macrophage, dedritic cells, granulytes, endothelial cells, and mucosal epithelial cells.
- 12. __________ proteins have many direct and indirect immune functions, and three of these are: to set off a cascade to cleave enzymes to make more __________ proteins; increase cell membrane permeability; and bind to a pathogenic organism to signal WBCs to attack.
- 14. Eosinophils have two primary functions: Responding to parasitic infection; and regulating allergic and acute ___________ processes.
- 15. Mast cell degranulation in the blood vessels will increase epithelial ____________ and blood flow, which increases fluid in the tissues and flow toward the lymph system.
- 18. B-cell lymphocytes are responsible for initiating Cell Mediated ________. This response includes, but is not limited to the activation of macrophage and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.
- 22. When a sheep cuts its leg, dendritic cells signal for the release of a family of peptides called _________. These _________ stimulate the release of neutrophils, and increase the blood flow and permeability of the blood vessels at the injury site. This allows WBCs to pass through the blood vessel epithelium to aid in the defense of the body.
- 25. Molecular recognition of microorganism is part of ________ _________ (2 words).
- 27. Nitric Oxide is an example of a ___ (Abb.), which is released into phagosomes that contain microorganisms inside macrophage.
- 29. Mast cells degranulate locally during an infection and attract _________, which have a short life span of 6-12 hours in blood, and 2-3 days in tissues. ______ have lobulated nucleus and may be spherical, ovular, or ellipsoidal in shape.
- 30. PAMPs are unique __________ molecules shared by groups of related microbes, which are NOT found on mammalian cells.
- 32. When Mast cells are activated in the _________, there is a decrease in the diameter of the _______ and increased mucous secretion.
- 33. Natural Killer Cells destroy mammalian cells that are infected with a ______.
- 34. _-____ lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus.
- 35. Reaching maturity after leaving the blood stream, ________ become macrophages. ________ have a life span of 20-40 hours in the blood.
- 36. Containing course cytoplasmic granules, ________ are rarely seen in blood samples from sheep (with Wayne offering a bottle of wine to anyone who can find one during his prac). _________ play a major role in allergic/inflammatory reactions and contain IgE surface receptors. They also contain histamine, heparin, serotonin and hydrolytic enzymes among other things.
- 37. Through ____s (Abb.) microbes are detected by binding to Pathogen-associated molecules.
Down
- 1. Monocytes are precursors for _________.
- 2. WBCs are also known as _________.
- 3. Macrophage are highly ____________, and will consume invading pathogens and other substances.
- 9. Deficiency of ___________ will lead to death within a day (Hint: Immune cell with granules).
- 10. T and B cell lymphocytes are two examples of lymphocyte morphology. ________ ________ (2 words) cells are another, and are large cytotoxic cells. (Hint: If Chuck Norris was a cell, this is what he would be.)
- 11. The role of _________ _________ (2 words) are to activate Mast Cells, attract phagocytes, opsonisation of microorganisms, and for MACs to lyse microorganisms' membranes.
- 13. Cytokines may be released on a ________ level to increase body temperature via the brain. This basic response to infection aims to inhibit non-mammalian enzymes.
- 16. Also known at free radicals, ____(Abb.) are released into phagosomes that contain microorganisms inside macrophage.
- 17. _-____ lymphocytes differentiate in the bone marrow.
- 19. Elevated numbers of neutrophil in the blood is indicative of a __________ infection.
- 20. Fill in the following evolution of WBC: Stem cell -> monoblast -> monocyte (in blood) -> _________ cell (tissues)
- 21. __________ can live for 4 to 10 hours in the blood, 1-2 days in tissues, and have both phagocytic and granule secretion capabilities. ___________ granules may include peroxidase, lysozyme, and hydrolytic enzymes.
- 23. What is a type of cytockine that can stimulate the neighbours of cells infected by a virus to produce antiviral compounds?
- 24. Other than phagocytosis, macrophage play a massive role in presenting ________ on their surface to stimulate the immune system.
- 26. PRRs binding to PAMPs results in the _________ of the innate immune system.
- 28. The innate immune system has a limited repertoire, as it can only recogonise 10^3 __________ patterns of invading microbes.
- 31. When activated in the gastrointestinal tract, _______ cells will increase fluid secretion and peristalis to expel the GIT contents (vomiting and diarrhea).