Across
- 3. control of the systemic _______ pressure is the most important aspect of controlling cardiovascular function. Heart rate is NOT monitored. This control is the baroreflex.
- 7. the receptors for parasympathetic stimulation at effector organs are __________ receptors (bind to acetylcholine)
- 8. noradrenaline is the neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system (at the effector organ), it binds to alpha and beta ________________.
- 11. cardiopulmonary low pressure stretch receptors respond to absolute pressure, not pressure _________. Respond to changes in blood volume in heart and great veins (affects venous return).
- 14. cardiopulmonary receptors are found in the heart and pulmonary veins, also known as ____ pressure receptors. They respond to ABSOLUTE pressure, not changes in pressure.
- 15. afferent pathways for the baroreceptor reflex (heading TO the brain) are via cranial nerve 9 (glossophayngeal) and CN 10 (_____ nerve)
- 16. sympathetic supply to the blood vessels includes : arterioles (increases TPR at alpha receptors), and at ______ increases venous return.
- 21. the ____________________ tract has a high proportion of alpha receptors cf beta. Means that when sympathetic stimulation increases, these vessels constrict. Divert blood away. This is because of activation of phospholipase C and IP3 production calcium release from SR contraction.
- 23. sympathetic supply to the heart contacts the sino artial node (increase rate of contraction, but also contacts the ___________ (increased force of contraction).
- 25. If pressure remains elevated, firing rate of high pressure receptors decreases to a new ‘____ ______’.
- 26. sympathetic nerves arise from the _______ and lumbar regions of the spinal column, whereas parasympathetic arise from cervical and sacral regions.
- 28. the medullary cardiovascular centre has both a ______ region (normal tonic symp stmulation to blood vessels and heart) and a DEPRESSOR region (stimulated by baroreceptor firing – inhibits sympathetic discharge from _______ region).
Down
- 1. high pressure receptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses respond ________ to changes in blood pressure.
- 2. the sympathetic NS not only increases stroke volume directly by increasing contractility, but also indirectly by increasing EDV (preload) due to increased ________ ________ (by venoconstriction of veins) .
- 4. increased sympathetic drive in cases of low blood volume sympathetic stimulation of the _____________ apparatus in the kidney activation of the RAAS system conservation of water and salt. Also increases ADH release.
- 5. true or false? There are more alpha receptors than beta receptors in cardiac and skeletal muscle vascular beds.
- 6. ____ pressure receptors (arterial receptors) are stretch receptors located in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch. Respond RAPIDLY (within one heart beat).
- 9. the pressor region of the medullary cardiovascular centre provides normal sympathetic stimulation to blood vessels and heart. Baseline ____ of blood vessels.
- 10. parasympathetic supply to the heart contacts only the _____ ______ node. (decreases heart rate). Sympathetic contacts this node, as well as the myocardium.
- 12. ________ arch high pressure baroreceptors respond to pulsatile flow, whereas carotid sinuses baroreceptors respond to non pulsatile stretch.
- 13. decreased stretch of cardiopulmonary baroreceptors (low pressure receptors) indicates decreased venous return. Nerve conveys this to medullary cardiovascular centre increases __________ drive to heart and blood vessels, decreases PS drive to heart.
- 17. when these adrenoceptors are stimulated relaxation of vessels due to adenylate cyclase activation and cAMP production. High propotion of these receptors in cardiac and skeletal muscle vasculature.
- 18. ______________ receptors aka low pressure receptors. Stretch receptors in atria, great veins/artial junction, ventricles and pulmonary veins.
- 19. sympathetic stimulation of the myocardium increases ________________ (force generated for a given length of muscle fibre) by increasing intracellular Ca during contraction. (increases stroke volume). Also increases heart rate at SA node (therefore increases CO = SV x HR)
- 20. this region of the medullary cardiovascular centre is stimulated by baroreceptor firing (when there is increased stretch) suppresses the sympathetic drive coming from the pressor region.
- 22. the baroreflex is a ___________ feedback loop.
- 24. the ratio of _____ to beta receptors varies in different vascular beds.
- 27. there is sympathetic supply to the ______ and blood vessels, but parasympathetic only to ______ (not blood vessels).