Across
- 3. true or false? The heart accounts for 0.6% of bodyweight in most domestic animals. Can be twice this + in greyhounds and thoroughbreds, and half this in pigs.
- 5. in carnivores and pigs, the fbrous pericardium does NOT attach to the sternum, instead attaching to the _____________ via the phrenico-pericardiac ligament.
- 7. the caudal border of the left ventricle is slightly _______ in ruminants, almost straight in the horse, and slightly convex in dogs/cats.
- 10. the right ventricle has ______ papillary muscles (for a ______ cusped valve). Two arise from the IV septum, the largest ‘great’ papillary muscle arises from the lateral wall.
- 12. the cardiac skeleton is important for preventing widespread ___________ conduction between atria and ventricles. ‘electrophysiological discontinuity’.
- 13. the ____________ pericardium is the outer layer of the pericardial sac, t is separated from the heart by the pericardial cavity. Externally it is covered by a strong layer of fibroelastic tissue, the fibrous pericardium.
- 14. excessive fluid in the heart compresses the heart – esp right ventricle – backup in systemic circuit/peripheral veins etc – this is known as cardiac ___________.
- 16. atrial walls are thin, and have the myocardium arranged into __________ (common to both atria as well as separate) and deep bundles (separate). This structure is also in the ventricles, but they have much thicker walls.
- 18. the funnel shaped outflow channel of the right ventricle that directs blood into the pulmonary trunk. Smooth walled. (2 words)
- 20. the visceral pericardium is on the outer layer of the heart and is also known as the _____________.
- 23. the _______ ___________ is a muscular ridge on the internal surface of the RA from where the pectinate muscles originate (line the right auricle).
- 26. as in the right ventricle, in the left ventricle, one large ___________ septomarginalis and several smaller ones traverse the lumen of the left ventricle, from the IV septum to the lateral wall.
- 27. the _________ channel of the right ventricle has an irregular wall due to the presence of TRABCULAE CARNAE and papillary muscles.
- 28. the name of the ligament that attaches the sternum to the pericardial sac in the horse/ruminant
- 31. because the ________ lung is larger than the other, the heart lies mainly to the left of the midline.
- 32. the _______ _______ is an embryonic remnant – oval depression on the interatrial septum at the opening of the caudal vena cava (hole in the heart in congenital malformations when it doesn’t close)
- 33. the cranial border of the right ventricle is _______ in all species (rounded)
- 34. mediastinal ___________ surrounds the entire pericardial sac/heart (outer surface)
- 35. the intervenous tubercle/ridge seperates the cranial and caudal _____ _____ where they open into the Right atrium. A remnant of foetal circulation.
- 36. the internal wall of the right atrium is smooth, but the right auricle has many muscular ridges - __________ muscles. Radiate from the crista terminalis (muscular ridge on internal surface of right atrium.
- 37. the interventricular septum has two main parts – a thicker muscular part makes up the majority of the wall, a ___________ collagenous membrane is at the extreme dorsal part of the septum – marks the site of final closure of embryonic interventricular foramen. Can be site of hole in the heart, esp in cattle.
Down
- 1. the right surface of the heart is the _________ surface.
- 2. the left surface of the heart is the ___________ surface (can see both auricles).
- 4. valves are made up of ________ fibres sandwiched between two layers of endothelium. _____ fibres are continuous with the fibrous rings that surrounds the heart valves.
- 6. the right coronary artery arises ffrom the right _____ ______, the left coronary artery from the left ______ _______, just after the aortic valve opening.
- 8. the long axis of the heart is ________ in a horse, almost ______ in ruminants, and more oblique in cats/dogs/pigs.
- 9. the right septomarginal trabeculae is also known as the _________ band. Band of tissue that crosses the lumen of the right atrium from IV septum to outer wall.
- 10. the left ventricular wall is about ____ or three times as thick as the right.
- 11. the functions of the pericardial sac (and fluid) is to protect the heart, and maintain it in position, as well as minimise _________.
- 13. the name of the ligament that attaches the diaphragm to the pericardial sac in the cat/pig/dog
- 15. the left azygous vein, the only one present in _______, drains into the coronary sinus.
- 17. the valves in the _____ side of the heart are much stronger and thicker (bicuspid/mitral and aortic valve)
- 19. the heart is located in the thoracic cavity usually between rib 3 and rib ____.
- 21. there are two papillary muscles in the left ventricle (for the bicuspid valve) – both arise from the left ventricular lateral _____ . (in the right, two arise from the IV septum and the great papillary muscle arises from the ____ of the right ventricle).
- 22. the __________ __________ is the gap in the ventral border of the left and right lungs (bigger in the left) – heart can make contact with thoracic wall – good acoustic window for echocardiography.
- 24. __________ veins drain part of lumbar region, caudal part of thoracic wall, and bronchial/oesophageal circulation. Right _________ vein only in cats/dogs/horses. Left only in pigs. Left and right in ruminants.
- 25. the right azygous vein (only one present in horses/cats/dogs) drains into the cranial vena cava or directly into the right atrium.
- 28. in horses and ruminants, the fibrous pericardium attaches to the ___________ via the steropericardiac ligament (paired in ruminants, single in horses)
- 29. the aorta has three parts - _____________ aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta. The ____________ aorta is short and gives rise to coronary veins, before continuing into the aortic arch.
- 30. the great coronary vein opens into the right atrium at the _________ ______, just ventral to the caudal vena cava.