Across
- 1. in right or left lateral recumbency, when taking a radiographic image, make sure the animals forelimbs are pulled forward to prevent the _________ muscle being superimposed over the heart.
- 3. two questions to ask - is the heart ___________? are there signs of cardiac failure? (pleural/peritoneal effusion, pulmonary oedema)
- 5. radiographic signs of cardiac failure: pulmonary oedema (left heart failure), pleural effusion (cats) and ___________ effusion.
- 8. ______________ can affect the appearance of the heart. eg at end of inspiration, heart appears smaller, at end of expriration, heart appears significantly larger.
- 11. ____________ ___________ is measured with m mode echocardiography. FS = (D-S)/D . measure of how well heart s contracting.
- 14. the heart can APPEAR bigger on a radiograph, but not actually have cardiomegaly. This can be due to ___________ __________ (accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity). How to tell the difference: cardiomegaly will have a slightly blurry margin (heart moving in chest during radiograph, heart with ____________ ___________ will have static margins as movement not as detectable on radiograph.
- 15. the ______________ position gives a better radiographic view of some of the blood vessels than the ventrodorsal does.
- 17. cats with cardiomegaly have what is known as a ______________ shaped heart when viewed from VD/DV radiograph.
- 19. _ _____ echocardiography is used to measure contractility. the lumen width of the (left) ventricle is measured during systole and diastole to determine fractional shortening.
- 20. an ______________ is a type of ultrasound used to detect abnormalities of the heart.
- 25. on a VD/DV radiograph, the widest part should not be more than 2/3 the width of the _____.
- 26. radiographic features of cardiomegaly (enlarged heart) on the lateral projection include – reduced distance between heart and spine, _________ appears as parallel to the spine, rather than at an angle, increased width of heart, straightening of caudal heart border, cranial bulging of right heart border, increased sternal contact.
- 27. the presence of large ________ can also be detected in the heart by used echocardiography. (pathological blood clot).
- 28. in peritoneal effusion - lateral radiograph - abdomen will appear as ___________ glass - opaque and little definition.
- 30. when taking a ventrodorsal or dorsoventral projection, try to superimpose the __________ and the spine.
Down
- 2. can detect enlarged _________ veins on a DV radiogrpah - they will be wider than the 9th rib.
- 4. (2 words) in cardiomegaly, when viewed from ventrodorsal/dorsoventral, the left hand side appears bumpy due to an enlarged _______ ________.
- 6. (2 words) end result of severe heart disease, clinical syndrome seen as congestion and oedema, poor peripheral perfusion and/or systemic hypertension. Heart disease always present when there is ______ _______.
- 7. old cats often get ______________ cardiomyopathy. But it can be hard to detect on radiograph as the heart gets bgger at the expense of the chambers, not externally.
- 9. to ultrasound/echocardiogram lie dog on side with gap to access from _____________ --> heart flops down and can be more easily viewed through thoracic wall.
- 10. (3 words) the scale used to identify cardiomegaly on a lateral radiograph. Take the vertical and horizontal (height and width) axis, and measure these distances along the spine from T4 + how many vertebrae does each measurement cross, add them together. Normal is between 9.7-12.7, depending on breed.
- 12. any abnormality of the heart (2 words). Does not necessarily lead to heart failure, but may in severe cases.
- 13. can use ______ _______ in an ultrasound to detect abnormalities in blood flow eg regurgitation through leaky valve, or abnormal flow through patent foramen ovale (congenital defect).
- 16. the ________________ position gives a good radiographic image of the lung parenchyma.
- 18. should always take at least ____ radiographs from ____ different angles.
- 21. on an echocardiogram, pericardial effusion will appear as a ___________ area surrounding the more hyperechoic heart wall.
- 22. radiographic features of _____________ (enlarged heart) on the dorsoventral/ventrodorsal projection include – increased rounding and elongation of heart borders. Bumpiness on left heart border due to increased size of left auricle, caudal and leftward displacement. In cats, a ‘valentine’ shaped heart.
- 23. older dogs are more prone to _______ cardiomyopathy.
- 24. ____________ used to image the cardiovascular system include: radiography, ultrasonography/echocardiology, CT, MRI, nuclear medicine.
- 29. in cardiomegaly, in a lateral radiograph, the ______ between the trachea (gas filled) and spine, is reduced.